Do not treat fluent, confident AI-generated prose as proof that it is true. Before sharing an AI-assisted document, check its important factual claims against the source documents they rely on, confirm that citations support the exact statements, and review the finished document for missing context. NIST recommends deploying and documenting fact-checking techniques, especially when generated information comes from multiple or unknown sources.
1. Mark the claims that need checking
Read the document sentence by sentence and flag statements that could be wrong or could mislead a reader. Start with claims central to the document’s purpose or likely to affect a decision.
- Dates, quantities, names, quotations, and descriptions of what a source says.
- Cause-and-effect statements, comparisons, and recommendations presented as factual.
- Claims whose source is unclear, or that appear to combine information from several sources.
This is a practical way to apply NIST’s recommendation to fact-check generated information; it is not a substitute for subject-matter review where the stakes are high. NIST AI 600-1
2. Open each cited source and verify it exists
Follow the citation to the source document itself. An AI-generated reference, search-result snippet, or another summary is not enough to establish what the original source says. Confirm the document exists, identify its publisher and date, and read enough surrounding material to understand the relevant context.
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NIST’s evaluation work on machine-generated reports includes whether citations map claims to source documents. A citation that looks plausible but cannot be found—or points to a document that says something different—does not verify the claim. NIST IR 8498
3. Match the source to the exact claim
Ask whether the source supports the sentence as written, not merely whether it discusses the same topic. Check the wording, date, scope, and level of certainty. A source about a general trend may not support a precise number, a claim about a particular group, or a definitive statement about cause.
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- Wording: Does the document say what the AI attributes to it?
- Scope: Does the evidence cover the people, place, period, or case named?
- Certainty: Does the source establish the claim, or only suggest, estimate, or discuss it?
- Date: Is the source current enough for a time-sensitive statement?
NIST treats support between a claim and its cited source as part of verifiability. NIST IR 8498
4. Check what the document leaves out
A statement can be technically accurate and still give a misleading impression if it omits an important qualification. Look for limits, exceptions, relevant counterevidence, and context a reader would need to interpret the claim correctly. NIST’s report-evaluation work considers completeness alongside accuracy and verifiability. NIST IR 8498
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5. Use stronger evidence for consequential claims
For claims that could affect someone’s health, finances, legal position, safety, or another important decision, check the original record or an authoritative source where possible. Consider how directly the source reflects the underlying evidence, whether it supports the exact claim, and what harm an uncorrected error could cause.
NIST specifically calls for fact-checking information from multiple or unknown sources. The appropriate evidence and review process depend on the domain; this general checklist cannot replace qualified medical, legal, financial, or other specialist review. NIST AI 600-1
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6. Review the complete document as a human
Once individual claims have been checked, read the entire document for unexpected assertions, contradictions, and whether the evidence presented makes the overall account reliable for its intended use. Human review remains important for judging reliability and handling output that may be unexpected or unreliable. NIST AI RMF Playbook: Measure
Do not use a text detector or human-like writing style as a truth test. NIST’s 2025 text challenge treats distinguishing text by origin and assessing accurate versus misleading narratives as separate evaluation concerns. NIST 2025 Text Challenge
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7. Correct, qualify, remove, or hold unsupported claims
For every flagged statement, make the evidence and wording agree before sharing:
- Keep it if a reliable source directly supports the wording and relevant context is included.
- Correct it if the source supports a different fact or the document misstates it.
- Qualify it if the evidence is limited, uncertain, or narrower than the original wording suggests.
- Remove or hold it if you cannot verify it or obtain the review the document requires.
NIST supports fact-checking and verifiability; these editing choices are a practical way to act on the results, not a prescribed NIST sequence.
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