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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchBuild an AI-ready crawler as a permission-aware Scrapy project, not as a script that simply downloads HTML. Define allowed domains and URL rules, identify your user agent, obey robots.txt, throttle requests, canonicalize URLs, and specify an output schema before writing selectors. Extract clean, structured content with provenance, validate every important page variant, and use a browser only when the required data is absent from the HTTP response. This design gives search, RAG, and model pipelines traceable records that can be refreshed without silently indexing broken pages.
What an AI-ready crawler must produce
A useful crawler record is a document with evidence attached, not an anonymous string. At minimum, preserve:
urlandcanonical_urlretrieved_at, pluspublished_atandupdated_atwhen availabletitle,author,site_name, and language- clean Markdown or text, headings, links, tables, code blocks, and structured data when they matter
- HTTP status, content type, parser version, content hash, and extraction warnings
Keep the raw response or a reproducible content hash when your retention policy permits it. Provenance lets an answer cite the originating page, lets you deduplicate URLs, and lets you rebuild an index after fixing a parser.
1. Write the crawl contract before coding
Record the policy in version control. It should answer these questions before the first request is scheduled:
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- Which domains and URL schemes are allowed?
- Which paths, query parameters, file types, and URL patterns are included or excluded?
- What is the maximum depth and concurrency?
- What delay, retry, timeout, and backoff rules apply?
- Which languages and page types are in scope?
- How are fragments, tracking parameters, redirects, and canonical links normalized?
- How long are raw pages, normalized records, and embeddings retained?
Model page families before writing selectors: for example, article, documentation page, product detail, listing, and search result. Give each family an extraction specification and a fixture set. A product page may need specifications and tables that an article-focused extractor intentionally discards.
2. Make access control a hard gate
Fetch and evaluate robots.txt before scheduling a site’s URLs. Use a descriptive user agent containing an address or other contact identity, honor disallow rules and any published crawl delay, and log the decision for every host. Scrapy exposes ROBOTSTXT_USER_AGENT; its default Protego parser supports wildcard matching and rule precedence (see Scrapy downloader middleware documentation).
Robots policy is separate from authentication and anti-bot policy. A site can permit a path in robots.txt while a WAF, CDN, JavaScript challenge, CAPTCHA, login requirement, or geographic rule still blocks access. Treat 401, 403, 429, and challenge pages as explicit outcomes. Slow down, stop, or request permission; do not brute-force them.
OpenAI documents separate controls for its crawlers: OAI-SearchBot is used to surface sites in ChatGPT search, while GPTBot is associated with training use. Publishers can manage those user agents independently at OpenAI’s crawler documentation. Changes to robots.txt can take about 24 hours to affect OpenAI search systems, according to the OpenAI Help Center guidance.
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3. Create a deterministic Scrapy project
Install the minimum stack
python -m venv .venv
. .venv/bin/activate
pip install scrapy trafilatura w3lib
scrapy startproject ai_crawler
cd ai_crawlerScrapy spiders are classes that control link following and structured item extraction. The framework supplies selectors, duplicate filtering, feed exports, robots.txt support, and storage integrations (see spider documentation and the Scrapy overview).
Use a spider that records both content and provenance
The following spider is a complete starting point for a documentation site. Replace the domain, start URL, and path rules with the contract you wrote. It keeps scheduling and extraction in one readable example; larger projects can split them into separate modules.
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- 90W Pass-Through Charging: Achieve optimal charging with 90W pass-through power to your laptop, supported by a total input of 100W, with the hub reserving 10W for operational efficiency. (Note: Wall charger not included.)
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import hashlib
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import scrapy
import trafilatura
from w3lib.url import canonicalize_url
class DocsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "docs"
allowed_domains = ["example.com"]
start_urls = ["https://example.com/docs/"]
custom_settings = {
"ROBOTSTXT_OBEY": True,
"ROBOTSTXT_USER_AGENT": "ai-crawler/1.0 (+https://example.com/contact)",
"USER_AGENT": "ai-crawler/1.0 (+https://example.com/contact)",
"DOWNLOAD_DELAY": 1.0,
"CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN": 2,
"AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED": True,
"AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY": 1.0,
"AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY": 30.0,
"RETRY_HTTP_CODES": [408, 425, 429, 500, 502, 503, 504],
"FEEDS": {"data/items.jl": {"format": "jsonlines", "overwrite": True}},
}
def parse(self, response):
canonical_tag = response.css('link[rel="canonical"]::attr(href)').get()
canonical_url = canonicalize_url(
response.urljoin(canonical_tag) if canonical_tag else response.url
)
markdown = trafilatura.extract(
response.text,
output_format="markdown",
include_comments=False,
include_tables=True,
include_links=True,
) or ""
metadata = trafilatura.extract_metadata(response.text)
content_hash = hashlib.sha256(markdown.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
yield {
"url": response.url,
"canonical_url": canonical_url,
"retrieved_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
"published_at": getattr(metadata, "date", None),
"title": (getattr(metadata, "title", None)
or response.css("title::text").get() or "").strip(),
"author": getattr(metadata, "author", None),
"site_name": getattr(metadata, "sitename", None),
"language": getattr(metadata, "language", None),
"content_markdown": markdown,
"content_hash": content_hash,
"http_status": response.status,
"content_type": response.headers.get("Content-Type", b"").decode("latin-1"),
"parser_version": "docs-parser-1",
"extraction_status": "ok" if markdown.strip() else "empty",
}
for href in response.css("a::attr(href)").getall():
absolute = canonicalize_url(response.urljoin(href))
parsed = urlparse(absolute)
if parsed.scheme in {"http", "https"} and parsed.netloc in self.allowed_domains:
if parsed.path.startswith("/docs/"):
yield response.follow(absolute, callback=self.parse)Run it with scrapy crawl docs. Scrapy’s scheduler and duplicate filter prevent the same request from being repeatedly queued. Add explicit query-parameter rules when tracking URLs would otherwise create duplicates. For a large crawl, keep discovery, fetching, extraction, validation, and indexing as separate jobs so a failed stage can be retried without downloading everything again.
4. Extract content that retrieval systems can use
Raw HTML contains navigation, advertisements, cookie notices, repeated headers, and scripts. Those tokens dilute embeddings and can cause an LLM to quote boilerplate. Trafilatura can produce Markdown and metadata such as title, author, date, and site name, as shown in Scrapy’s extraction guide. Its article-oriented mode may return little or nothing for product pages or listings, so route those page types to dedicated selectors.
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Preserve meaning, not just paragraphs
- Keep heading hierarchy so a chunk retains its topic.
- Preserve lists, tables, code blocks, captions, and link targets when they carry meaning.
- Remove navigation and repeated chrome, but retain warnings, version labels, and update dates.
- Normalize whitespace and Unicode, then compute a content hash for change detection.
Chunk only after cleaning and normalization. Attach document-level metadata to every chunk: canonical URL, title, publication date, retrieval time, parser version, and extraction status. A vector result without that context cannot be reliably cited or refreshed.
5. Escalate to a browser only when HTTP is insufficient
Inspect the response obtained by an HTTP client before assuming a browser is required. The data may be in embedded JSON, a script state object, or a permitted JSON endpoint. Scrapy’s dynamic-content guidance recommends this check because browser rendering adds CPU, latency, and failure modes.
Use Playwright for genuinely dynamic pages
When meaningful content appears only after JavaScript, scrolling, interaction, or client-side requests, use scrapy-playwright for those requests rather than the whole crawl.
pip install scrapy-playwright
playwright install chromiumfrom scrapy_playwright.page import PageMethod
yield scrapy.Request(
"https://example.com/app",
meta={
"playwright": True,
"playwright_page_methods": [
PageMethod("wait_for_selector", "main article"),
PageMethod("evaluate", "window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)"),
],
},
callback=self.parse,
)Prefer a direct endpoint when the site exposes one and your access is permitted. If a browser is unavoidable, wait for a semantic selector or network-idle condition, set a bounded timeout, and record whether rendering succeeded. Do not make browser execution the default for static pages.
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- Fast and Reliable 85W Charging: Offers high-capacity, speedy charging for laptops up to 85W, so you spend less time tethered to an outlet and more time being productive.
- What You Get: Anker USB-C Hub (7-in-1), welcome guide, 18-month warranty, and our friendly customer service.
6. Validate before indexing or prompting a model
Build fixtures for every important template and test required fields, title and date parsing, canonical URLs, body length, link extraction, and boilerplate removal. Compare representative pages across time and across variants such as locale, pagination, logged-in state, and mobile layout.
Quarantine records that fail validation instead of sending them to embeddings or an LLM. Useful drift alarms include sudden changes in status codes, empty-body rates, null-field rates, duplicate ratios, and content-length distributions. Store the parser version and crawl timestamp in each record so an index can be rebuilt after a parser fix. Scrapy’s official AI workflow describes defining a schema, sampling pages, comparing variants, validating the specification, and generating a runnable test suite at Scrapy’s build-with-AI page.
Example acceptance checks
- Reject a record when the canonical URL is outside an allowed domain.
- Quarantine pages with an empty body, an unexpectedly tiny body, or a challenge-page marker.
- Require a title for page families where titles are part of the contract.
- Flag a sudden jump in duplicate hashes or a sudden drop in extracted tables.
- Keep failed records and response metadata for diagnosis, but exclude them from the index.
7. Make the pipeline RAG-safe
- Discover approved URLs from seed pages or sitemaps.
- Fetch with robots, rate, retry, and identity controls.
- Canonicalize and deduplicate before extraction.
- Classify the page and run the matching parser.
- Normalize clean content and preserve meaningful structure.
- Validate the record and quarantine failures.
- Chunk validated content, copying provenance fields onto each chunk.
- Embed or index only validated chunks; retain the source record for citation and refresh.
A normalized record can look like this:
{
"url": "https://example.com/page",
"canonical_url": "https://example.com/page",
"title": "Page title",
"published_at": "2026-09-01",
"retrieved_at": "2026-09-29T08:46:25Z",
"content_markdown": "# Clean page content",
"links": [],
"language": "en",
"content_hash": "...",
"parser_version": "site-parser-1",
"extraction_status": "ok"
}8. Choose the right implementation for each page
| Approach | Best fit | Advantages | Costs and risks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scrapy HTTP requests | Static HTML, embedded state, permitted APIs | Fast, reproducible scheduling, low resource use | Cannot see content created only in a browser |
| Scrapy plus Playwright | JavaScript-rendered or interaction-heavy pages | Executes scripts, waits for selectors, supports scrolling and clicks | Higher CPU and latency; more timeout and browser failures |
| Hosted browser or proxy service | Scale, managed rendering, proxy rotation, or deployment needs | Moves infrastructure and operations to a service | Network, browser, proxy, storage, and service fees; verify current terms and compliance |
The Scrapy ecosystem lists optional layers including scrapy-playwright for rendering, Spidermon for monitoring, Zyte API for proxy rotation and ban avoidance, scrapy-poet page objects, Scrapy Cloud deployment, and an MCP server for inspecting live crawls at scrapy.org. Add them only when volume, JavaScript dependence, reliability, or debugging needs justify the additional service surface.
9. Performance, reliability, and operating cost
Network volume, browser CPU, proxy usage, storage, and managed-service fees are the main cost drivers. Start with a low per-domain concurrency and a measured delay, then let AutoThrottle respond to latency. Cache responses during parser development, but ensure cache hits cannot be mistaken for fresh retrievals in your metadata.
Reliability comes from bounded retries, duplicate control, deterministic canonicalization, fixture tests, and quarantine behavior—not from retrying every failure indefinitely. Record redirects, response status, content type, and parser outcome. For scheduled crawls, alert on drift metrics and keep an incident path for robots changes, new challenge pages, and selector breakage.
10. Troubleshooting common failures
403, 429, or a challenge page
Cause: access policy, excessive rate, authentication, WAF, or bot mitigation. Fix: verify permission and robots.txt, identify the crawler, reduce concurrency, honor Retry-After when supplied, and stop rather than attempting to bypass a challenge.
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The item is empty although the browser shows content
Cause: client-side rendering or data loaded after the initial response. Fix: inspect the raw response for embedded state or a permitted endpoint; otherwise route only that page family through Playwright and wait for a semantic selector.
Articles work but product pages are blank
Cause: an article-focused extractor discarded the page’s layout. Fix: classify product pages separately and extract specifications, tables, and description fields with page-specific selectors.
Search results contain navigation or cookie text
Cause: boilerplate was embedded before cleaning. Fix: remove repeated chrome, preserve headings and meaningful notices, run fixture checks, and quarantine records that exceed boilerplate or fall below body-length thresholds.
Many apparently different URLs produce the same document
Cause: tracking parameters, fragments, redirects, or alternate canonical links. Fix: canonicalize before scheduling and indexing, honor the page’s canonical link, and use content hashes to identify duplicates.
A parser change corrupted the vector index
Cause: records were embedded without validation or parser-version metadata. Fix: stop indexing, quarantine the affected run, correct the parser, rerun fixtures, and rebuild from stored normalized records or permitted source responses.
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FAQ
Can I crawl a site that requires a login?
Only when you have permission and the account’s terms allow automated access. Supply authorized cookies or headers through your crawler’s request layer, keep private data isolated, and apply the same validation and retention rules as public pages.
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Should I index a page when only some fields were extracted?
Use the page-family contract to decide. If a required field is missing, quarantine the record; if an optional field is absent, retain the record with an explicit warning so downstream systems can distinguish “not present” from “parser failed.”
How do I keep citations stable after a page changes?
Store the canonical URL, retrieval timestamp, publication date when available, content hash, and parser version on the document and every chunk. A later crawl can then show which source version supported an answer and whether the content actually changed.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I crawl a site that requires a login?
Only with permission and terms that allow automation. Use authorized cookies or headers, isolate private data, and apply strict retention and validation controls.
Should I index a page when only some fields were extracted?
Follow the page-family contract: quarantine records missing required fields, but retain records with explicit warnings when only optional fields are absent.
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Store canonical URL, retrieval time, publication date when available, content hash, and parser version on every document and chunk.
Quick Recap
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