The Tool Desk
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The examples below use the Puppeteer 25.12.0 API documented on September 29, 2026. Check the API documentation if you use another version or browser runtime.
What Puppeteer uses for a PDF
page.pdf() renders the page using the print CSS media type by default. That means print-specific rules such as @media print apply, while screen-only rules may not. If you need the screen stylesheet instead, call page.emulateMediaType('screen') before generating the PDF. The media choice affects the document being printed; it is separate from the HTML you supply for repeating headers and footers.
PDF output also has defaults that can surprise you: headers and footers are disabled, margins are not set when the margin option is omitted, and background graphics are omitted unless printBackground is enabled. Set these deliberately rather than relying on a page that happens to look right in a browser window. See Puppeteer’s Page.pdf() documentation and PDFOptions reference.
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Add repeating headers and footers
Enable displayHeaderFooter, then give Puppeteer HTML strings for whichever repeating areas you need. The template can use these documented class names for values Puppeteer supplies:
date: formatted print date.title: document title.url: document location.pageNumber: current page number.totalPages: page count.
Put the class on an element, such as <span class="pageNumber"></span>; Puppeteer replaces its contents. A template may use ordinary HTML structure and inline styles for its layout. The reference documents the substitution classes, but does not promise that every CSS feature, external stylesheet, script, or asset will behave exactly as it does in the main page. Keep the template simple and verify it in the browser runtime that generates your PDF.
Complete Node.js example
This CommonJS example loads a page, prints it, and closes the browser even if PDF generation fails. Install Puppeteer in your project first with npm install puppeteer. Save the example as make-pdf.cjs, then run node make-pdf.cjs.
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const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
(async () => {
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
try {
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com', { waitUntil: 'networkidle0' });
await page.pdf({
path: 'document.pdf',
displayHeaderFooter: true,
headerTemplate: `
<div style="font-size: 9px; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
<span class="title"></span>
</div>`,
footerTemplate: `
<div style="font-size: 9px; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
Page <span class="pageNumber"></span>
of <span class="totalPages"></span>
</div>`,
margin: { top: '60px', bottom: '60px' },
printBackground: true,
});
} finally {
await browser.close();
}
})();The example uses 60-pixel top and bottom margins as an illustration, not a universal measurement or a tested fit for every font and template. Adjust them to the actual height of your header and footer, then inspect the resulting PDF. If text is clipped, overlaps the document, or sits too close to an edge, increase the corresponding margin or reduce the template’s height. Puppeteer documents the option names and template contract, not a single correct margin for all layouts.
Coordinate CSS print rules with PDF options
Choose print or screen media
For print-specific layout, leave the default media type in place and write the relevant CSS in @media print. For example, use print rules to hide navigation or adjust spacing that is unnecessary on paper. If the PDF should instead reflect the page’s screen styling, call await page.emulateMediaType('screen') before page.pdf(). Do not expect screen rules to apply merely because the page looked correct in a normal browser tab.
Decide which setting controls paper size
You can declare page dimensions in CSS with @page, or set paper dimensions through PDF options such as format, width, and height. By default, preferCSSPageSize is false: Puppeteer uses the paper size selected through PDF options and scales content to fit. Set preferCSSPageSize: true when the stylesheet’s @page size should take priority instead.
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If you set format together with width or height, format takes priority. Choose one source of truth where possible; conflicting CSS and PDF dimensions make it harder to understand why content has been scaled. The PDF options reference describes these precedence rules in more detail.
Reserve room for page furniture
Margins are the space between the page edge and the printed document content. The header and footer templates occupy the corresponding page areas, so provide adequate top and bottom margins for them. A header that is taller than its reserved area may collide with the body, and a footer may be clipped if its bottom space is insufficient. Measure using the rendered PDF rather than assuming that the HTML element’s height maps to a particular margin automatically.
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Set printBackground: true when the PDF needs background colors or images; the default is false. Print rendering may adjust colors. Puppeteer points to the CSS property -webkit-print-color-adjust when exact colors are needed. Treat that as a request to preserve colors, not a guarantee that every PDF viewer or printer will display them identically: check the generated file in the target viewer and, if relevant, on the final printer.
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Options at a glance
| Need | Setting | Default or precedence |
|---|---|---|
| Repeating header/footer | displayHeaderFooter, headerTemplate, footerTemplate |
Off by default; provide template HTML to use them. |
| Space around printed content | margin |
No margins are set if omitted. |
| Page size from CSS | preferCSSPageSize: true with CSS @page |
Default is false; otherwise PDF paper options control and content is scaled to fit. |
| PDF paper dimensions | format or width/height |
format takes priority if both are supplied. |
| Background graphics | printBackground: true |
Omitted by default. |
| Screen styling | page.emulateMediaType('screen') before page.pdf() |
PDF generation otherwise uses print media. |
Common problems and fixes
The header or footer does not appear
- Confirm
displayHeaderFooter: trueis present in the samepage.pdf()call as the templates. - Check that
headerTemplateorfooterTemplatecontains valid HTML and is not an empty string. - Use the documented substitution class names exactly, including their case: for example,
pageNumberrather thanpagenumber.
The template appears but overlaps or clips
Increase the relevant margin and make the template more compact. Header content needs room at the top; footer content needs room at the bottom. There is no universal margin that fits every font, text length, and design. Check a multi-page file as well as the first page, because repeating content must fit consistently.
The PDF has the wrong page dimensions
Check whether the dimensions come from CSS @page or the PDF options. If CSS should win, set preferCSSPageSize: true. If it should not, review format, width, and height; remember that format takes precedence over the latter two when both are given. Also check whether the default scaling-to-fit behavior is changing the apparent size of content.
Colors or backgrounds look different
Enable printBackground for backgrounds, then inspect the PDF itself. If print colors are being adjusted, review -webkit-print-color-adjust. A browser’s on-screen preview is not sufficient to establish how a PDF viewer or printer will render the file.
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Print-only styles seem to be missing
That is expected if the page was explicitly switched to screen media before printing. Remove the emulateMediaType('screen') call to use print media, or keep it if screen styling is the intended result. Call it before page.pdf(); changing media afterward cannot affect a PDF already generated.
Performance and reliability considerations
PDF work has two distinct layout surfaces: the main document and the repeating templates. Keep templates small and self-contained to reduce surprises, and use CSS print rules for document-wide presentation. Before relying on a production layout, generate files with short and long titles, multiple pages, and the actual combinations of paper size and margins you expect. That catches title overflow, page-count substitution, and margin collisions that a one-page sample may not reveal.
Wait for the page state your document requires before calling page.pdf(). The example uses networkidle0 as one possible navigation wait condition, but a page with persistent network activity may not reach it. For dynamic documents, choose a readiness condition appropriate to the application rather than treating a single navigation wait as proof that every element is ready. This is especially important for content that appears after JavaScript runs or after user-specific data loads.
CSS page sizing and PDF options should be tested together, not in isolation: a design can be laid out at one size and then scaled to another if the default precedence is not what you intended. Similarly, print backgrounds and exact-color behavior need validation in the PDF output, not just in the DOM. The Puppeteer reference is versioned documentation; recheck it when changing Puppeteer or its browser runtime.
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