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Use ax.text() for text at a position, add transform=ax.transAxes to keep a note in place inside an axes, and use ax.annotate() when a label should point to a particular data point. For text that belongs to the whole figure, use fig.text().
Choose the right Matplotlib text method
| Use case | Method | How placement works |
|---|---|---|
| Label at a plot coordinate | ax.text(x, y, "label") |
Data coordinates by default; the label follows the data position as the view changes. Matplotlib Axes.text documentation |
| Boxed note inside one axes | ax.text(..., transform=ax.transAxes, bbox=...) |
Axes fractions: (0, 0) is the lower-left and (1, 1) is the upper-right. Matplotlib Axes.text documentation |
| Label tied to a specific point, optionally with an arrow | ax.annotate(...) |
Specify the target with xy and the label position with xytext. Matplotlib Axes.annotate documentation |
| Figure-wide heading or note | fig.text(...) |
Figure coordinates by default, measured from 0 to 1 across the figure. Matplotlib Figure.text documentation |
Add text at a data position
Axes.text(x, y, s, **kwargs) adds a text object to an axes and returns a Text instance. Its default coordinates are data coordinates, so the label is placed at the data location (x, y).
ax.text(2.5, 8.0, "Important value")Use this when the text identifies a location in the data. If the axis limits change, the label remains associated with that data coordinate rather than a fixed corner of the plotting area.
Put a boxed note inside an axes
For a note that should stay near the same spot inside an axes as the data limits change, use axes-fraction coordinates with transform=ax.transAxes. Add a bbox dictionary to draw a background behind the text.
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ax.text(0.03, 0.97, "Peak season", transform=ax.transAxes,
ha="left", va="top",
bbox=dict(boxstyle="round,pad=0.3",
facecolor="white", alpha=0.8))Here, (0.03, 0.97) is near the upper-left of the axes, not a data value. ha sets horizontal alignment and va sets vertical alignment relative to the anchor. The bbox controls the background patch; for example, facecolor="white" and alpha=0.8 make a partly transparent white background. Text styling such as fontsize and color can also be passed as keyword arguments. See the Axes.text API and Matplotlib text properties.
Annotate a point, with or without an arrow
Use ax.annotate() when the text explains a particular target. xy identifies the target point; xytext sets the label position. If you omit xytext, the text is placed at the target. Supply arrowprops to draw a connector.
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ax.annotate("local maximum", xy=(x_peak, y_peak),
xytext=(12, 12), textcoords="offset points",
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->"),
ha="left", va="bottom")With textcoords="offset points", the label position is a typographic offset from the target, rather than a second data-coordinate position. Annotation supports independent coordinate choices for the target and text, including data, axes-fraction, figure-fraction, and offset-point coordinates. See the Axes.annotate API.
If the target is outside the axes, annotation_clip controls whether the annotation is drawn. By default, clipping is conditional when the target uses data coordinates; consult the API if your annotation must remain visible in that case. Annotation clipping options.
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Add text to the whole figure
Use fig.text(x, y, s) for wording that belongs to the full figure, rather than to one axes—for example, a figure-level note or heading. Figure coordinates run from 0 to 1 across the figure by default. The method also accepts a transform and text styling, including bbox. See the Figure.text API.
Quick Recap
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Handle multiple axes and placement cleanly
- For a label associated with plotted data, use data coordinates; for a note fixed relative to one axes rectangle, use
ax.transAxes. - In a multi-panel figure, call the method on the relevant
axso the text belongs to the intended axes. Usefig.text()only when the wording is figure-wide. - Use
haandvato control how text aligns around its anchor, andbboxwhen a background improves legibility. - Prefer individual text keyword arguments for formatting; the
Axes.textdocumentation discourages relying onfontdictwhen individual keywords or dictionary unpacking are available.
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