To enforce Clean Architecture in TypeScript, define which parts of your code may import which other parts, then make a dependency checker fail when that policy is broken. Directory names and code-review reminders are not enforcement. In an Nx workspace, tagged project constraints can check TypeScript and JavaScript imports during lint; in other repositories, dependency-cruiser can check configurable dependency-graph rules. TypeScript project references help organize builds, but they are not a complete architecture rule by themselves.
Start with the dependency rule, not the tool
Clean Architecture is about the direction of dependencies, not a required folder tree. Choose layer names that describe your system and write down the permitted edges before configuring a checker. A common arrangement is domain policy at the center, application or use-case policy around it, then adapters and framework or driver details farther out. Dependencies point inward: outer implementation details can depend on inner policy, but inner policy should not import outer details.
For example, a domain model should not need to import a database client or web framework. If application policy needs persistence, put the boundary-facing interface in the policy layer that owns the requirement; let an outer adapter implement it. Wire the implementation to the interface at an outer composition point, such as the application root.
Here is one possible allowed-dependency matrix. It is a starting point, not a universal schema:
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| Source project type | May depend on |
|---|---|
| domain | domain |
| application | application, domain |
| adapter | adapter, application, domain |
| composition/root | Any project type, where needed to wire the application |
Decide separately how tests, generated code, shared utilities, package manifests, and framework packages fit. A broad shared category can become a loophole if it allows business policy to import infrastructure through a supposedly neutral package. Keep project types few and their meanings clear, as Nx recommends in its project dependency rules.
Choose enforcement that fits your repository
| Approach | Best fit | What it checks or organizes | Important limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
Nx @nx/enforce-module-boundaries |
Nx workspaces with tagged projects | Checks TypeScript and JavaScript imports and package dependencies during lint; tag constraints express allowed project dependencies. | Its standard ESLint rule is for JS/TS projects and is oriented around imports and package dependencies. |
Nx Conformance enforce-project-boundaries |
Nx workspaces needing graph checks across project types | Checks dependencies represented in the Nx project graph using tag constraints. | Requires Nx Enterprise. |
| dependency-cruiser | Repositories needing configurable source dependency rules without Nx | Supports rules that forbid, allow, or require dependencies, with an error severity that can fail a command. |
You must configure it and validate its resolution and coverage against your repository. |
| TypeScript project references | TypeScript build projects that need logical separation and build organization | Organizes projects; tsc --build finds and builds referenced projects in dependency order. |
References alone are not a full Clean Architecture import policy. |
For an Nx workspace
Nx’s @nx/enforce-module-boundaries ESLint rule uses project tags and dependency constraints to check TypeScript and JavaScript imports. For example, you might tag projects layer:domain, layer:application, layer:adapter, and layer:composition, then configure each source tag with the target tags it may depend on. Nx documents options for constraining external imports as well, which can help stop core projects from importing frameworks or adapters. See the boundary enforcement guide, rule options, and external-import guidance; configuration details depend on the Nx version and workspace layout.
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Nx also describes Conformance checks for dependencies in its project graph, including across project types, but that option requires Nx Enterprise. Its documentation labels the Oxlint integration experimental, so do not treat it as a stable substitute without checking the current status in the Nx enforcement approaches documentation.
For a non-Nx repository
Use dependency-cruiser when you need explicit rules over a source dependency graph and do not want Nx project conventions. Its rules can forbid, allow, or require dependencies; assigning a forbidden rule an error severity makes a violation fail the command. Start with the dependency-cruiser rules reference, then verify how the checker resolves your TypeScript path aliases, type-only imports, and dynamic imports. A rule only protects edges the configured checker actually sees.
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For TypeScript build boundaries
Project references are useful when you want separate TypeScript build projects and a build graph. The TypeScript project references documentation explains that tsc --build finds referenced projects and builds them in dependency order; ordinary tsc -p does not automatically build dependencies. References also involve declaration output and can affect editor and clone workflows. Use them for build organization where appropriate, alongside an import-boundary checker if you need a more expressive architecture policy.
Implement the policy in deliberate steps
- Map what exists. Draw the current dependency graph and label domain, application/use-case, adapter, and framework/driver code using the smallest useful vocabulary. Represent boundaries in the way your repository is actually organized rather than forcing a folder layout.
- Record allowed edges. Write down the permitted dependencies, including how tests, generated files, shared utilities, and package manifests are treated. Avoid wildcard permissions that erase the distinction between inner policy and outer details.
- Put interfaces on the policy side. Place boundary-facing interfaces in the layer that owns the requirement, implement them in an outer layer, and keep dependency-injection wiring at an outer edge.
- Select the checker. Use Nx lint constraints when Nx projects and tags fit your workspace; use dependency-cruiser or another import-graph checker for custom file- or path-level rules; add TypeScript references when separate build projects are useful. These approaches can complement each other, but they do not enforce identical things.
- Make the check routine. Run it locally and make it a required CI check. If the tool supports reporting existing violations, use that mode first to classify and fix them or add narrowly scoped temporary exceptions. Then make the intended policy an error and remove migration exceptions as the work is completed.
- Test for bypasses. Add an intentional forbidden import and confirm that the relevant check fails. Probe the paths that matter in your repository: deep relative imports, aliases, package exports, re-exports or barrels, type-only edges, dynamic imports, generated code, and tests. Checker behavior differs, so do not assume every path is covered.
- Keep exceptions accountable. Record an owner and reason, and an expiry where practical, next to each exception or in adjacent documentation. Review exceptions and graph changes when architecture changes.
What a green check does—and does not—prove
A successful lint or graph check proves only that the dependencies it recognizes comply with the rules you configured. TypeScript types constrain assignability; they do not define the intended source dependency graph. Likewise, checking local project edges alone may miss package dependencies or imports of external frameworks.
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- Keep tag meanings precise; catch-all tags and broad allow rules can nullify the policy.
- Check local project dependencies and external package imports when both matter to the architecture.
- Verify aliases, re-exports, dynamic imports, type-only imports, and runtime loading paths instead of assuming tool coverage.
- Review the configured rules and exceptions as projects, packages, and build boundaries evolve.
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