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Can torpedoes be tested without an explosive warhead?
Yes. An exercise torpedo can run a programmed course and be used to evaluate hardware, software, and performance without carrying an explosive warhead. At sea, tests may involve a target or a programmed run geometry with no target.
A September 2024 draft U.S. Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing environmental review describes non-explosive torpedo testing by aerial, surface, or subsurface assets against surface or subsurface targets—or with no target. It says the activity evaluates torpedo performance and hardware or software upgrades, including for heavyweight, lightweight, and experimental torpedoes. The review identifies no in-water explosives for this specific activity. Not every test described involves acoustics. Read the draft activity description.
That document concerns a particular U.S. Navy training-and-testing program. Its proposed Phase IV parameters for 2025–2032 include named range complexes and events lasting up to two weeks, using up to 40 torpedoes and typically no more than eight per day during daylight hours. Those are proposed activity parameters in a draft review, not a universal limit or a statement that every listed firing occurred.
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How are torpedoes tested indoors?
Land-based facilities let the Navy assess some weapons and sensors before an at-sea trial. They can help identify performance issues in a controlled setting, but they do not reproduce every condition of an operational sea test.
Keyport’s pressure chamber
A Department of Defense report describes the Weapons System Test Facility at Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Keyport, Washington. Built in the 1980s for land-based evaluation of undersea weapons capabilities, including torpedoes and their sensors, the facility uses a pressure chamber to test torpedoes, sensors, and unmanned underwater vehicles in operational environments. The report discusses measurements such as a source’s directivity, pulse length, loudness, and frequency; it does not establish that every aspect of torpedo behavior can be tested in the chamber. Read the Keyport facility report.
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Land tests are one part of evaluation
The U.S. Navy says most systems undergo land-based testing before going into the water, and many also have been tested in smaller fresh-water areas or tanks. Its FAQ describes early review and modifications as ways to minimize possible public-safety and environmental impacts; this is general Navy guidance, not a torpedo-specific protocol. See the Navy’s environmental planning FAQ.
How are exercise torpedoes recovered and analyzed?
For the non-explosive AFTT activity, the draft review says torpedoes are recovered by surface ships and helicopters specifically crewed and equipped for recovery; its activity parameters state that all torpedoes are recovered. Recovery can make it possible to reuse or qualify an exercise weapon and inspect information recorded during its run. This description applies to the reviewed activity, not every navy or every torpedo test.
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A U.S. Navy report on submarine tenders explains that at-sea recovery gives commanders more flexibility in choosing test-firing locations than relying on established ranges served by shore-based small boats or helicopters. It also says recovery allows data stored in a torpedo’s guidance system to be analyzed, and describes successful exercise firings as part of the process before conversion to a payload-capable weapon. Read the Navy report on torpedo recovery.
A separate training example shows recovery in practice: in March 2022, U.S. Navy aircrews trained with Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force units in Tokyo Bay using an inert training torpedo, which the JMSDF recovered. That was a training event, not a description of all development testing. Read the Navy account of the exercise.
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What safety controls apply to tests at sea?
At-sea testing takes place in a real operating environment, so controls address where and when an activity occurs and who may be nearby. The U.S. Navy says tests involving in-water explosives take place in established operating areas after notices to mariners and pilots are issued. Its FAQ also describes precautions including:
- Checking that impact areas and targets are unpopulated.
- Delaying or canceling activity when safety concerns arise.
- Notifying the public of the activity’s location, date, and time.
- Using temporary access restrictions where appropriate.
- Conducting environmental and safety reviews before tests at range sites.
The Navy describes designated operating, warning, and restricted areas in marine waters and airspace. Coast Guard notices provide mariners with information about an activity’s location, nature, and duration. Notices and boundaries help manage exposure; they are not a guarantee that risk is zero. The Navy says inert practice munitions are used “to the extent possible,” but cannot completely replace training and testing in a live environment. Read the Navy’s safety and environmental FAQ.
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Can an uncrewed submarine launch a torpedo?
In one recent trial, yes. The Royal Navy reported on September 30, 2026, that its XV Excalibur extra-large uncrewed underwater vessel fired and controlled a U.S. Navy Mk48 Mod 4 heavyweight torpedo at the British Underwater Test and Evaluation Centre near Kyle of Lochalsh, Scotland. The three-week experiment used an inert, recoverable torpedo. The Royal Navy said using an uncrewed vessel could reduce risk to personnel. This is one trial, not evidence that uncrewed platforms have replaced crewed launch systems across navies. Read the Royal Navy announcement.
Quick Recap
How the approaches differ
| Approach | What it can do | What the cited example establishes |
|---|---|---|
| Land-based facility | Evaluate some weapons and sensors in a controlled setting before water trials. | Keyport’s pressure chamber tests torpedoes, sensors, and unmanned underwater vehicles in operational environments; the report does not say it replaces sea trials. |
| Non-explosive exercise firing | Test a weapon’s programmed run and evaluate performance without an explosive warhead. | The 2024 draft AFTT review describes a specific U.S. Navy activity and identifies no in-water explosives for it. |
| Live-environment testing | Assess performance in realistic conditions at sea. | The Navy FAQ says inert practice munitions cannot completely replace live-environment training and testing; it does not set out one universal protocol for every test. |
| Uncrewed launch platform | Conduct a launch without personnel aboard the launch vehicle. | The Royal Navy reported one 2026 trial with an inert, recoverable Mk48; this does not establish routine use across navies. |
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