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Investigators can often follow stolen cryptocurrency across public blockchains, but a transaction trail is not the same as knowing who controls a wallet—or getting the funds back. They combine ledger data with analysis of address patterns, information from the case, and, where available, records held by exchanges and other service providers. Identification, freezing, seizure, and recovery are separate steps.

What investigators can see on a public blockchain

A public blockchain records transactions, so investigators can start with an address or transaction linked to a theft and inspect where funds went next. That visibility does not make the wallet owner’s identity public: addresses are generally pseudonymous. A trail can show movement between addresses without, by itself, naming the person behind them.

In a 2020 court filing, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) described how blockchain-analysis services use transaction data to group addresses into clusters. Patterns such as funds being combined or split can suggest that addresses are related or controlled by the same person or group. These are investigative inferences, not proof supplied by an address label, and they need context and corroboration. DOJ court filing

How a tracing investigation follows stolen funds

  1. Begin with a known address or transaction. Investigators use information associated with the reported theft to establish a starting point, then examine that blockchain’s public transaction history.
  2. Follow transfers and assess address relationships. They track funds as they are split, combined, or sent through intermediary addresses. Clustering tools can help identify patterns, but a relationship between addresses remains an inference to be assessed alongside other evidence.
  3. Track conversions and movement between chains. A thief may convert one cryptocurrency into another or move value through services and protocols that connect different networks. DOJ called conversion between cryptocurrencies “chain hopping” in a 2020 exchange-hack matter. The extra steps complicate a trace, but may leave records that investigators can compare. DOJ’s 2020 announcement
  4. Look for an exchange or other service-provider touchpoint. If funds reach a service that holds customer records, investigators may seek information connecting activity to an account. The DOJ says exchanges collect identifying information and that subpoenas or other appropriate legal process can sometimes reveal who was responsible for a transaction. What records exist and whether authorities can obtain them depend on the provider, jurisdiction, and process.
  5. Coordinate a possible intervention. A trace may give an exchange, custodian, or law-enforcement agency information to act on. Freezing or seizing assets is a distinct step, not an automatic result of identifying their movement. Chainalysis describes a U.S.-focused seizure process involving evidence, coordination with an exchange or custodian, and judicial authorization; procedures elsewhere may differ. Chainalysis’s seizure-process explainer

Why crossing chains does not necessarily erase the trail

Cross-chain movement makes investigators compare activity on different networks rather than follow one ledger alone. In a case study published October 1, 2026, blockchain-analysis firm Chainalysis reported that $387 million was stolen from Bitget on September 24, 2026. Chainalysis said that in the first three hours funds moved across Ethereum, XRP, Zcash, and Tron, and that its investigators matched deposits on one network with payouts on another through protocols. Those figures and investigative details are Chainalysis’s account of the case, not independently verified findings here; an evolving investigation can change. Chainalysis’s Bitget case study

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Chainalysis also said its investigators used AI-assisted automation while retaining human review and investigative direction. That describes the vendor’s account of its work in this case; it does not establish that automated analysis alone identifies a culprit or recovers assets.

What tracing can establish—and what it cannot

  • Movement: Transaction records can show where assets moved on the networks examined.
  • Possible relationships: Clustering can support an inference that addresses are connected, but does not independently prove who controls them.
  • Identity: A service-provider record may connect an on-chain trail to an account holder if relevant records exist and investigators obtain them through appropriate process.
  • Intervention or recovery: Locating funds does not itself freeze them, authorize seizure, or ensure they are returned. Those outcomes require separate cooperation and, where applicable, legal steps.

The distinction matters because a visible trail is evidence to investigate, not an automatic identification system. In the DOJ’s 2020 announcement, then IRS Criminal Investigation chief Don Fort said: “Despite the highly sophisticated laundering techniques used, IRS-CI’s Cybercrimes Unit was able to successfully trace stolen funds directly back to North Korean actors.” That was a statement about the case described, not a guarantee that every investigation will identify a person or recover stolen funds. DOJ’s 2020 announcement

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Why outcomes vary from one hack to another

Whether tracing leads to identification or intervention depends on the evidence and the practical routes available to investigators. Relevant differences include:

  • Which blockchains and transaction records are available.
  • How many intermediary addresses, conversions, bridges, or protocols the funds pass through.
  • Whether analysis can confidently connect addresses or match cross-chain deposits with payouts.
  • Whether the funds reach a cooperative or legally reachable exchange or custodian.
  • Whether authorities can obtain the necessary legal process in time to act.

The cited sources do not establish a general success rate or average recovery time for stolen cryptocurrency from exchange hacks. Individual cases show that funds can sometimes be traced through complex routes; they do not provide a reliable probability or timetable for a new case.

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What past cases illustrate

The DOJ’s 2020 announcement described a July 2019 hack in which more than $272,000 in alternative cryptocurrencies and tokens was allegedly stolen, as well as a related September 2019 theft of nearly $2.5 million. According to the DOJ, funds moved through intermediary addresses and exchanges and were sometimes converted to bitcoin or Tether. These were allegations in a forfeiture matter, not a determination of liability. DOJ’s 2020 announcement

Together with the Bitget case study, the examples illustrate two routes investigators may have to analyze: conversion among assets and services, and movement across multiple blockchains. Neither example establishes how often funds are recovered.

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