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In 2007, Cameron Jones, Andreas Stasch, and colleagues reported the first stable magnesium(I) compounds: pairs of magnesium atoms joined by a Mg–Mg bond and shielded by bulky ligands. Their result was a landmark in magnesium chemistry—not the discovery of magnesium compounds generally, but a way to stabilize magnesium in the less familiar +1 oxidation state. A 2025 study broadened the ligand options, reporting Mg(I) complexes supported by non-nitrogen ligands, including cyclopentadienyl and aryloxide examples.
Why stable magnesium(I) was a milestone
Magnesium is commonly encountered in the +2 oxidation state. The 2007 report showed that compounds containing magnesium in the +1 state could be isolated and remain stable when the metal atoms were paired and surrounded by sufficiently bulky ligands. The result was the first report of stable Mg(I) compounds, not the first magnesium chemistry.
These were dinuclear compounds: each contained two Mg(I) ions in a Mg22+ unit with a direct Mg–Mg bond. The ligands helped protect that reactive core. This paired arrangement is central to understanding what “Mg(I) compound” meant in the original discovery.
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
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Reduction of a magnesium(II) precursor
One route began with a magnesium(II) precursor bearing bulky ligands and bridging iodine atoms. The researchers reduced it with potassium metal to produce a dinuclear Mg(I) compound. The transformation lowered magnesium from the +2 to the +1 oxidation state while forming the Mg–Mg-bonded product.
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Evidence for the Mg(I) assignment
The oxidation-state assignment was supported by multiple lines of evidence, including crystallography, theoretical chemistry, and spectroscopy. The researchers considered and distinguished the proposed structure from a possible hydrogen-bridged alternative; no single technique should be treated as the sole proof. The compounds also behaved as reducing agents toward unsaturated substrates, a reported indication of their chemical reactivity.
Contemporaneous coverage of the discovery appeared in Chemistry World’s 2007 report, which described the work published in Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.1150856).
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What changed in the 2025 report
The 2007 landmark used bulky nitrogen-based ligands. In a paper first published on 17 October 2025, Maurer, Mai, Schmidt, Langer, and Harder reported isolated and characterized Mg(I) complexes supported by non-nitrogen ligands. Examples included (BDI*)MgMgCp* and an aryloxide-stabilized complex. The authors reported X-ray diffraction and NMR characterization. The advance expanded the ligand scope; it did not replace or invalidate the historical priority of the 2007 compounds.
The 2025 paper also describes limits to that expansion. Ligand exchange was not unrestricted, and attempts to isolate a less sterically protected Cp analogue resulted in decomposition. That outcome underscores the importance of ligand choice and steric protection when stabilizing Mg(I) species. See the primary report, “A Modular Approach to Asymmetric Mg(I) Complexes Using a Unique Cyclopentadienyl Mg(I) Complex”.
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How to read the discovery in context
| Milestone | Ligand scope described | Reported structural or chemical evidence |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 first stable Mg(I) compounds | Bulky nitrogen-based ligands | Crystallography, theoretical chemistry, and spectroscopy supported the Mg(I) assignment; reducing behavior toward unsaturated substrates was reported. |
| 2025 expanded ligand scope | Non-nitrogen examples, including Cp* and aryloxide-stabilized complexes | X-ray diffraction and NMR characterization were reported; decomposition was observed in attempts to isolate a less protected Cp analogue. |
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