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Either multiple is a comparison tool, not a verdict. Compare companies using the same forecast period and earnings definition, then account for differences in growth, reinvestment needs, risk, and accounting.
What the two forward multiples measure
Enterprise value (EV) measures value at the company level; one common formulation is market capitalization plus debt minus cash. EV/EBIT divides EV by earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). EV/EBITDA divides EV by earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA). The NYU Stern explanation of EV/EBITDA discusses the enterprise-value multiple, while the CFA Institute’s discussion of market-based valuation covers enterprise-value multiples and their uses.
“Forward” means the denominator is forecast earnings, rather than a completed historical period. State the horizon—such as next twelve months (NTM) or a specific fiscal year—and apply the same horizon and calculation to each company. There is no single universal forecast horizon or consensus provider established for every comparison.
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Because EBITDA adds depreciation and amortization back to EBIT, EV/EBITDA will generally be lower than EV/EBIT for the same EV and positive EBIT, all else equal. The difference depends on how large depreciation and amortization are relative to EBIT. This arithmetic comparison does not hold as a useful guide when earnings are zero or negative, or when the measures are defined differently.
When to use forward EV/EBIT
Choose EV/EBIT when the depreciation and amortization charges are economically meaningful and should remain visible in the earnings base. This is often relevant for businesses that depend on substantial physical assets or amortizable intangibles: using EBIT keeps the accounting charge for asset use in the denominator.
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The IFRS Foundation’s educational material on investor perspectives explains the rationale: “An EBIT multiple recognises that depreciation and amortisation reflect economic expenses associated with the use of an entity’s assets that will ultimately need to be replaced.”
EBIT is not automatically comparable across companies. Different depreciation methods, asset ages, useful-life assumptions, or amortization policies can make reported EBIT diverge even when businesses are otherwise similar. Review those differences before treating a multiple gap as a valuation signal.
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When to use forward EV/EBITDA
Consider EV/EBITDA when differences in depreciation methods, asset ages, or amortization profiles make EBIT a less useful operating comparison. It can help compare businesses with different financing, too: the CFA Institute notes that EV/EBITDA is frequently used for capital-intensive businesses and may be more appropriate than price-to-earnings (P/E) for companies with different leverage.
That convenience has a limit. EBITDA excludes depreciation and amortization, so it can downplay the economic burden of assets that wear out or need replacement. It is an earnings measure, not cash flow: it also omits capital expenditures and working-capital movements, among other cash requirements. A seemingly attractive EV/EBITDA multiple should therefore be considered alongside capital spending, maintenance needs, and cash conversion. IFRS educational material cautions that EV/EBITDA may favor more capital-intensive entities.
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How to compare the multiples fairly
Before drawing a conclusion from peer multiples, line up the key inputs and check for differences that could explain the result.
- Forecast period: Use the same NTM or fiscal-year horizon for every company.
- Earnings definition: Distinguish reported EBIT or EBITDA from adjusted measures, and check which items each company or data provider excludes.
- Enterprise value: Apply a consistent EV construction, including treatment of debt and cash.
- Business fundamentals: Compare business models, growth, profitability, and risk; a multiple cannot be interpreted apart from them.
- Asset and reinvestment profile: Consider capital intensity, likely maintenance investment, and whether depreciation and amortization reflect the assets required to generate earnings.
- Denominator quality: A very low, zero, or negative forecast earnings figure can make a multiple unstable or meaningless.
There is no universal adjustment policy that makes all peer comparisons comparable. If a company reports EBIT or EBITDA as a performance measure, SEC staff guidance says it should reconcile the measure to GAAP net income in the statement of operations. See the SEC’s non-GAAP financial measures guidance, and inspect each issuer’s reconciliation: adjustments may differ across companies and data vendors.
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What a lower multiple does—and does not—tell you
A lower forward multiple means the company has a lower price relative to the selected forecast earnings measure. It does not, on its own, prove the shares are undervalued. A lower ratio may reflect differences in growth, profitability, risk, reinvestment requirements, accounting choices, or the reliability of forecasts. The CFA Institute’s valuation curriculum treats multiples through their usage considerations, underlying fundamentals, and comparable valuation—not as universal cutoffs.
Use the multiple that best fits the question: EV/EBIT if keeping asset-use charges in earnings is important; EV/EBITDA if removing varying depreciation and amortization profiles improves the operating comparison. Then test the comparison against capital needs, cash requirements, and the companies’ fundamentals.
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