Flyway gives a Java application a recorded, ordered history of database changes. Add versioned migrations to source control, then apply them with Flyway’s Java API at startup or through a build or deployment tool. Use SQL for changes that fit SQL; reserve Java-based migrations for transformations that are awkward to express there, and account for their checksum and connection-handling differences.
How do Flyway database migrations work?
A versioned migration is a one-time change, not a script Flyway repeatedly runs to reconcile a database with a desired schema. Flyway applies pending migrations in version order and records their execution and checksums in the flyway_schema_history table. See Redgate’s versioned migrations documentation.
That history makes the migration files part of the deployment artifact. If a versioned migration has already reached a permanent downstream environment, avoid editing it: a changed file can fail checksum validation, and changing it does not rerun the original migration. Make a new versioned migration to correct or extend the database instead. An unapplied local draft is a different case; it has not yet become part of a downstream database’s history.
How do I use Flyway with Java?
For a JVM application, the Java API can run migrations during startup. Redgate describes the sequence this way: “Flyway checks the version of the database and applies new migrations automatically before the rest of the application starts.” Its Java API documentation shows configuring Flyway with a data source, loading the configuration, and calling migrate(). Make migration completion a prerequisite for initializing components that depend on the schema. For classic Spring configuration, order the dependent application component after the Flyway bean.
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Startup migration is one integration choice, not a requirement for every deployment. Flyway also documents Maven and Gradle plugins; teams can run migrations as a separate build or deployment step when they want database changes owned by CI/CD rather than by application startup. Choose one clear owner for applying migrations and keep its ordering explicit.
Check Java, Flyway, and database dependencies
Redgate’s Java API page, last updated October 1, 2026, lists JDK 17+ and shows Flyway 13.9.0 Maven and Gradle examples. It says Java 21 will be required starting with Flyway v14. These are version-specific requirements: check the current API page when selecting or upgrading Flyway.
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Dependency coordinates also depend on edition and release. The page shows the open-source Maven coordinate org.flywaydb:flyway-core:13.9.0; its Redgate edition example uses com.redgate.flyway:flyway-core:13.9.0 and a Redgate Maven repository. Redgate notes that its group ID changed at Flyway 10.0.0, with a convenience publication in both locations through 10.22.0. Do not copy an older tutorial’s coordinate without checking the chosen edition and current release.
Add the JDBC driver dependency for the database you use; the Flyway API examples do not mean every driver is bundled. Driver availability and supported versions vary. Consult Redgate’s database driver reference for the relevant database. Flyway lists database families including Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Cassandra, but support level and version compatibility must be checked for the specific database.
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How should I choose between SQL and Java migrations?
| Choice | Best fit | Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| SQL migration | Schema changes and data updates that can be expressed naturally in SQL. | Keeps the change in a form database developers can inspect directly. Versioned SQL migrations participate in Flyway’s checksum-based validation. |
| Java-based migration | Work that is difficult to express in SQL, such as BLOB/CLOB handling or advanced bulk transformations, recalculations, or format conversions. | Requires Java migration code and care around checksums and Flyway-owned connection handling; see the Java migration guidance below. |
Being a Java application is not, by itself, a reason to write migrations in Java. Use Java when the transformation benefits from Java’s capabilities; otherwise SQL is the straightforward default. Redgate documents both approaches in its migration documentation.
How do I create a Java-based migration in Flyway?
A Java migration must implement JavaMigration. Redgate recommends that most users extend BaseJavaMigration, which supports Flyway’s naming convention so it can extract the version and description from the class name. For example, a class named V1_2__Another_user follows the documented pattern. Java migrations use the SQL migration naming convention apart from their class suffix. Consult the Java-based migrations reference for the current API and discovery rules.
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Account for validation and connection ownership
- Checksums are not automatic by default. Java-based migrations do not participate in Flyway validation’s change detection unless they provide a checksum. Implement
getChecksum()if the migration should have a checksum stored and validated. Do not assume validation detects edits to every Java migration automatically. - Do not close Flyway’s connection. The migration receives a connection through Flyway’s context. Leave it open, including when managing statements or other resources with try-with-resources. Close resources created by the migration, but not the supplied connection.
Which Flyway edition do I need?
Community, Teams, and Enterprise include foundational capabilities such as versioned, SQL-based, and Java-based migrations and API access. The feature matrix lists undo migrations for Teams and Enterprise; advanced development and deployment features depend on edition and supported database platforms. Redgate’s Flyway Feature Summary says foundational capabilities cover over 50 database systems, while advanced capabilities cover a smaller set of major DBMS platforms and cloud variants.
- Confirm that Flyway supports the database and version you actually run, including any edition-specific platform constraints.
- Check whether the baseline migration commands and API meet your workflow’s needs.
- Compare required paid-edition functions—such as undo or advanced schema model, diff, review, and deployment workflows—with the current feature matrix before choosing an edition.
Feature availability can change, and a matrix entry for an advanced capability should not be read as support for every database. Verify the current platform and edition details before making a decision.
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