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Choose the Cypress test type that matches the question
Cypress documents end-to-end, component, API, and accessibility testing. Select the narrowest layer that can establish the behavior you care about, while keeping end-to-end coverage for important journeys that cross application boundaries.
| Test type | Scope and useful cases | Dependencies and trade-offs | What a pass establishes |
|---|---|---|---|
| End-to-end | Critical user flows such as authentication, purchasing, persisted state across screens, and pre-deployment smoke checks. | Exercises a real browser and can cover frontend-to-backend behavior, but needs more setup, infrastructure, and maintenance than focused tests. | The tested journey worked across the parts exercised in that run; it does not prove untested flows are correct. |
| Component | Isolated UI behavior such as forms, date pickers, individual states, or design-system components. | Mounts a component in isolation, making scenarios easier to focus, but does not validate the whole application working together. | The component behaved as asserted in its test setup. |
| API | Backend CRUD behavior, permission and error responses, state setup, and response contracts. | Tests backend behavior without rendering the UI. | The API behavior exercised by the test matched its assertions, not that the interface renders or behaves correctly. |
| Accessibility | Checks such as labels, alternative text, contrast, keyboard navigation, and focus behavior within an existing testing layer. | An additional layer that can be used with component or end-to-end tests; it does not replace functional test scope. | The accessibility checks included in that run passed; it is not proof that every accessibility issue is absent. |
A balanced suite combines layers according to product risk and desired feedback speed. See Cypress’s testing types guide for its descriptions of their scope and limitations.
Install and configure Cypress
Install with your project’s package manager
Add Cypress as a development dependency, using the package manager already used by the repository. For an npm project:
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npm install cypress --save-devThe equivalent installation should use the repository’s normal Yarn, pnpm, or Bun workflow rather than introducing a second package manager. Cypress’s installation guide documents installation and launch.
Run the guided setup
Open Cypress from the project root:
npx cypress openIn the Cypress app, choose end-to-end or component testing and follow the setup flow. For component testing, Cypress detects the UI framework and bundler and scaffolds development-server configuration. Check the generated configuration against the project’s existing scripts and build setup.
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Set the end-to-end base URL
For end-to-end tests, run the application locally and set baseUrl in the Cypress configuration to the application’s local address. Then a relative visit such as cy.visit('/') resolves against that base instead of requiring the full address in every test. Cypress describes local development-server testing as the ordinary development workflow; see Best Practices and Effective E2E Testing.
Place end-to-end specifications under the configured E2E spec pattern. The default pattern is cypress/e2e/**/*.cy.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}; component specs can live beside their components. If Cypress does not list a spec, check specPattern in the configuration and confirm the file matches it. Cypress explains organization in Writing and Organizing Tests.
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Write tests that are independent and maintainable
Make each test runnable on its own. Cypress enables end-to-end test isolation by default and cleans browser state between tests; a test that quietly depends on a previous test’s login, data, or navigation can pass locally in sequence and fail when run alone or in a different order.
- Set up the data and state a test needs deliberately rather than relying on another test to create it.
- Keep assertions tied to user-visible behavior or the API contract being tested.
- Use component tests to explore many focused UI states without making every case traverse the full application.
- Reserve end-to-end cases for the critical paths where cross-layer behavior matters.
Isolation and organization guidance is in Cypress’s test-writing documentation.
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Run Cypress tests in continuous integration
A reliable CI sequence installs project dependencies and Cypress, starts the application, waits until it is ready, and then runs Cypress. Starting the app and immediately invoking Cypress can race with server startup; an arbitrary fixed sleep can also be too short on a slow run or waste time on a fast one.
- Install the project dependencies in the CI job using the repository’s package manager and lockfile.
- Start the application with the project’s normal command.
- Wait for the local application to respond using a readiness check appropriate to the CI environment.
- Run the Cypress command, for example
npx cypress run.
For a recorded run, keep the Cypress record key out of source control and supply it through the CI environment or secrets mechanism. Cypress states that the key can be supplied as a shell/CI environment variable or inline CLI key; it is not read from cypress.env.json or the configuration’s env block. See the Continuous Integration Overview for CI guidance.
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Use retries to diagnose flakiness, not conceal it
Cypress retries default to zero. They can be configured separately for run mode and open mode; Cypress’s example uses two retries in run mode and zero in open mode. A retry that makes a failing test pass is evidence of intermittency, not evidence that the underlying problem is fixed. Investigate timing races, unstable data, environment differences, or external dependencies before treating retries as a solution. See Test Retries.
Troubleshoot common setup and execution failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check or change |
|---|---|---|
| Cypress does not discover a specification | The file is outside the configured pattern or uses an unexpected filename. | Check specPattern, the configured test type, and the default E2E pattern cypress/e2e/**/*.cy.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}. |
A relative cy.visit('/') goes to the wrong place or fails |
baseUrl is missing or points somewhere other than the running app. |
Set the E2E baseUrl to the application’s local address and verify the server is running. |
| Tests pass in a sequence but fail individually or in CI | A test depends on browser state or data left by an earlier test, or environments differ. | Run the failing test by itself, create its required state explicitly, and remove order dependencies. |
| CI reports connection errors at the beginning of a run | Cypress started before the application server was ready. | Add a readiness check before npx cypress run; do not rely on an immediate background start or a guessed fixed delay. |
| A test passes only after a retry | The behavior may be intermittent due to a race, environment, or dependency issue. | Use retry results to identify and diagnose the failure rather than increasing retries until the failure disappears. |
| A recorded run is not receiving its key | The key may have been placed in a location Cypress does not read for recording credentials. | Provide it through the CI/shell environment or the inline CLI key mechanism, and keep it protected rather than committing it. |
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