Build a website layout by starting with semantic HTML and normal flow, then choosing CSS for the relationship between elements: use Grid for page regions and card collections, and Flexbox for one-dimensional arrangements such as navigation and card content. Add columns when the content has room to fit, not simply because a particular device is common.
Start with meaningful HTML and normal flow
Before adding layout rules, put the content in a sensible reading order using elements such as <header>, <nav>, <main>, <aside>, and <footer>. In normal flow, block content proceeds in the block direction, while inline content runs along a line and wraps as needed. This gives the page a readable baseline before CSS rearranges it. MDN describes a well-structured document readable in normal flow as the best starting point for a webpage: Introduction to CSS layout.
Use layout CSS to improve the presentation without making the source order confusing. A reader, browser, or assistive technology should still encounter the content in a meaningful sequence if the layout changes or the CSS is unavailable.
Choose Grid or Flexbox by the relationship you need
| Question | Use Grid when… | Use Flexbox when… |
|---|---|---|
| How many dimensions matter? | You need to coordinate rows and columns together, such as a page shell or card collection. | You are arranging items along one axis, a row or a column. |
| How explicit is placement? | You want to describe a two-dimensional map or define tracks for repeated items. | You want items to share available space, wrap, or align along one direction. |
| What is the typical use here? | Header, navigation, main content, optional sidebar, footer; or a grid of cards. | Links in a navigation row; content and an action arranged inside a card. |
These methods work together rather than competing. Grid can position the major regions of a page while Flexbox handles the items within one of those regions. See MDN’s guides to CSS grid layout and Flexbox.
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Build a responsive page shell with Grid
Named grid areas make a page shell readable as a map. This example keeps a single-column structure at narrower widths, then places the sidebar beside the main content when there is enough room. The breakpoint is an example; choose a threshold by checking when your actual content fits well.
<div class="site-layout">
<header class="site-header">Site title</header>
<nav class="site-nav" aria-label="Main navigation">
<a href="/">Home</a>
<a href="/guides">Guides</a>
<a href="/about">About</a>
</nav>
<main class="site-main">
<h1>Page title</h1>
<p>Main page content goes here.</p>
</main>
<aside class="site-sidebar">Related links</aside>
<footer class="site-footer">Footer content</footer>
</div>* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.site-layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-areas:
"header"
"nav"
"main"
"sidebar"
"footer";
gap: 1rem;
max-width: 72rem;
margin-inline: auto;
padding: 1rem;
}
.site-header { grid-area: header; }
.site-nav { grid-area: nav; }
.site-main { grid-area: main; }
.site-sidebar { grid-area: sidebar; }
.site-footer { grid-area: footer; }
@media (min-width: 50rem) {
.site-layout {
grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 2fr) minmax(14rem, 1fr);
grid-template-areas:
"header header"
"nav nav"
"main sidebar"
"footer footer";
}
}The minmax(0, 2fr) main track can shrink within the available grid space, while the sidebar has a minimum track size. Adjust those values to suit your content and available width; if the sidebar becomes cramped, keep the one-column arrangement longer or revise the column proportions. MDN demonstrates named areas for common responsive shells in Realizing common layouts using grids.
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Arrange navigation with Flexbox
A navigation list is a one-dimensional set of links, so Flexbox is a natural fit. The following markup is already included in the shell above; apply these rules to space links and let them wrap if the available width is limited.
.site-nav {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 0.75rem 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.site-nav a {
display: inline-block;
}Use gap to create consistent spacing without adding margins to individual links. If the navigation must fit a narrow screen, wrapping is preferable to forcing links into a row that overflows. Flexbox’s central model is arranging items along one dimension, as explained in MDN’s Flexbox guide.
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Create a card collection that adapts to available width
For repeated cards, Grid can create as many columns as fit a flexible minimum width. The browser places each card into the next available grid cell. A card itself can use Flexbox in a column so its content and action remain arranged vertically.
<section class="cards" aria-label="Guides">
<article class="card">
<h2>Guide one</h2>
<p>A short description of the guide.</p>
<a href="/guide-one">Read the guide</a>
</article>
<article class="card">
<h2>Guide two</h2>
<p>Another short description.</p>
<a href="/guide-two">Read the guide</a>
</article>
<article class="card">
<h2>Guide three</h2>
<p>More useful information for readers.</p>
<a href="/guide-three">Read the guide</a>
</article>
</section>.cards {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(100%, 16rem), 1fr));
gap: 1rem;
}
.card {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 0.75rem;
padding: 1rem;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
.card p {
margin-block: 0;
}
.card a {
align-self: flex-start;
margin-top: auto;
}minmax() sets a flexible track with a preferred minimum, and auto-fit lets the grid accommodate the number of columns that fit. The inner min(100%, 16rem) avoids demanding a minimum wider than the container itself. Adjust the preferred card width to match the design and content. MDN covers auto-placement and flexible tracks in its common grid layouts guide.
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Make responsive decisions around content fit
Begin with the narrow arrangement, then add columns or change the grid map when the content has enough room. A breakpoint should solve an observable problem: for example, a main column becoming too narrow beside a sidebar, or a row of cards becoming awkwardly compressed. Check actual text lengths, navigation labels, and card widths as the viewport changes.
- Build the single-column layout and confirm the source order reads naturally.
- Resize the viewport gradually and note where content begins to feel crowded or excessively sparse.
- Add a media query at the point where an alternate arrangement improves readability and fit.
- Check the transition around that width, not only at a few named device sizes; revise the columns or threshold if content overflows.
Flexible grids and content-driven breakpoints are core responsive design techniques. MDN’s Responsive web design guide discusses starting with a simple narrow layout and adding complexity as space permits. Example values in tutorials are demonstrations, not universal device thresholds.
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Use positioning and floats only for their specific jobs
Positioning for controlled placement and overlap
Absolute positioning is useful for an element placed relative to a containing block, such as a badge over an image. Fixed positioning can keep an interface element attached to the viewport. These choices remove the positioned box from ordinary flow, so surrounding content does not reserve its usual space. Plan for overlap, obscured content, and the need to keep important material reachable.
.image-wrap {
position: relative;
}
.image-badge {
position: absolute;
inset-block-start: 0.75rem;
inset-inline-end: 0.75rem;
}Here the wrapper establishes the positioning context for the badge. Do not use absolute or fixed positioning as a substitute for arranging the ordinary regions of a page. See MDN’s positioning guide for how positioned boxes relate to normal flow.
Floats for text wrapping around an item
A float is appropriate when text should wrap alongside an item, such as a small image within an article paragraph. It is not the general tool for building a modern sidebar-and-main layout.
.article-image {
float: inline-start;
max-width: 12rem;
margin: 0 1rem 0.75rem 0;
}Use a layout system such as Grid or Flexbox for page regions; reserve floats for the text-wrapping relationship they were designed to provide. MDN outlines the roles of current CSS layout methods in CSS layout.
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