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Use + to select the immediately following sibling, or ~ to select matching later siblings. Both require the elements to share the same parent and both select forward: the selector on the right is the element being matched. To style an earlier element based on what follows it, use :has().
How CSS sibling selectors work
A sibling combinator expresses a relationship between two elements in the same parent. In A + B or A ~ B, the left-hand selector identifies the earlier sibling; the right-hand selector identifies the target.
<div>
<h2>Heading</h2>
<p>First paragraph</p>
<div>Callout</div>
<p>Second paragraph</p>
</div>Here, the heading and both paragraphs have the same parent. The callout is also a sibling of them.
Adjacent sibling selector: use +
The adjacent sibling combinator matches a B element immediately preceded by an A element, with no element sibling between them.
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h2 + p {
margin-top: 0;
}This rule matches only “First paragraph.” The callout interrupts the sequence before “Second paragraph,” so that paragraph is not immediately after the heading. Text nodes and whitespace do not prevent adjacency; another element does. See MDN’s next-sibling combinator reference.
General sibling selector: use ~
The general, or subsequent, sibling combinator matches qualifying later siblings, whether or not other element siblings appear between them.
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h2 ~ p {
color: #444;
}Both paragraphs match because each comes after the heading and shares its parent. The callout does not block the match. The combinator still works only forward: p ~ h2 would match a later heading after a paragraph, not an earlier one. MDN describes ~ as widely available across browsers since July 2015; check unusual legacy or embedded browser targets if they matter to your project. See MDN’s subsequent-sibling combinator reference.
Choose the right relationship
| Selector | What it matches | Relationship required |
|---|---|---|
A + B |
A B immediately preceded by A | Same parent; no intervening element sibling |
A ~ B |
A B appearing after A | Same parent; intervening siblings are allowed |
A B |
A B nested anywhere inside A | Descendant relationship; not necessarily the same parent |
A > B |
A B that is a direct child of A | Parent-child relationship, not siblings |
The space and > are not sibling combinators: they describe descendant and direct-child relationships, respectively. For the broader relationships between selectors, see MDN’s selectors and combinators guide.
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How to select a previous sibling in CSS
There is no standalone backward sibling combinator. Instead, match the earlier element using :has() and a relative sibling selector:
h2:has(+ p) {
margin-bottom: 0;
}This matches an h2 whose immediately following sibling is a paragraph. To match an earlier element when any later sibling meets a condition, use :has(~ ...), for example h2:has(~ p). Because :has() support may matter for older or constrained target browsers, check the browsers your project must support. MDN labels it Baseline 2023; consult MDN’s :has() reference.
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Troubleshoot a sibling selector that does not match
- Check the immediate parent. The target and the element on the left must have the same parent. If one is nested inside a wrapper, it is not a sibling of the wrapper’s contents.
- Check direction.
A + BandA ~ Blook for B after A. They do not select earlier elements. - Check for an intervening element. An element between A and B prevents
+from matching, but not necessarily~. - Check the target selector. The selector on the right is what must match the element you intend to style.
- For an earlier-element condition, use
:has(). Confirm support in the browsers you target.
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For a broader CSS reference, O’Reilly lists CSS: The Definitive Guide, 5th Edition by Eric Meyer and Estelle Weyl, published in May 2023. Chapter 2 covers adjacent and following siblings. See the O’Reilly listing.
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