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CSS Modules scope class selectors locally by default: define a class in a module stylesheet, import that file, and use the exported mapping—such as styles.button—in your markup. The build integration maps the local name to a generated class name, so another module can use its own .button without a name collision.
How CSS Modules scope styles
CSS Modules use ordinary CSS files with a build-time convention. A module integration transforms the CSS and exports a mapping from local class names to generated names. The CSS Modules project describes the compiled interchange format as ICSS. In application code, refer to the mapping rather than writing the generated name yourself.
This is selector-name scoping performed by the build integration. It is not a browser isolation boundary such as Shadow DOM, and CSS Modules are not specific to React. JSX is used in the example below because it makes the mapping easy to see.
Use a local class in a component
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Create a module stylesheet, for example
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/* Card.module.css */ .card { border: 1px solid #ddd; } .title { font-weight: 700; } -
Import the file and apply its exported class mappings:
import styles from './Card.module.css'; export function Card() { return ( <article className={styles.card}> <h2 className={styles.title}>Title</h2> </article> ); }
styles.card and styles.title refer to the generated class names associated with those local selectors. Use the mapping in markup; the generated spelling is an implementation output and should not be hard-coded.
Make a selector global only when needed
For an intentional global hook, the CSS Modules documentation supports :global(...), for example:
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:global(.vendor-widget) {
margin-block: 1rem;
}This is useful when styling a third-party element whose class name is supplied globally. Keep ordinary component classes local and make global selectors explicit; a module stylesheet does not make every selector global by default.
Combine local classes with composition
The composes declaration combines classes so a local selector can use another local class, including one imported from another module. When a class composes another class, the module exports both class names for that local class. The documented constraints matter:
composesapplies to a single local class selector.- Composition declarations must appear before other declarations in that rule.
- Circular composition dependencies have undefined override behavior and may cause an error; avoid cycles.
Use composition for reusable class combinations, not as a substitute for understanding how the resulting classes participate in the CSS cascade.
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Follow your framework’s module and global CSS conventions
Framework integration determines how module files are recognized and where global CSS belongs. Next.js uses the .module.css filename convention and imports module styles as a styles object. Its guidance differs by router, so check the documentation for your Next.js version and router.
Next.js Pages Router
Pages Router guidance recommends importing site-wide global styles at the application root. It also notes that CSS import order can affect predictable production output.
Next.js App Router
App Router guidance permits global CSS imports in layouts, pages, or components and describes production CSS concatenation and code splitting. Do not apply the Pages Router placement rule as a universal Next.js rule.
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What local scoping does—and does not—protect
Local class mapping prevents collisions between same-named local class selectors in different modules. It does not isolate all styling effects. Global selectors, element selectors, inherited properties, custom properties, and cascade or import-order interactions can still affect the rendered page. Treat CSS Modules as a way to scope class names through the build, not as a complete style sandbox.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Troubleshoot common CSS Modules problems
The styles object does not contain the class
Check that the stylesheet is processed as a CSS Module by your framework or build integration, that the class name is spelled exactly as defined, and that you are importing the module file rather than a global stylesheet. In Next.js, verify the .module.css extension.
A class from another module is not taking effect
Check the module import and the composition declaration, and ensure composes appears before the rule’s other declarations. Avoid circular composition dependencies because their override behavior is undefined and they can cause errors.
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A supposedly local style affects unexpected elements
Inspect the selector for an explicit :global(...) escape and check element selectors, inherited values, custom properties, and the cascade. Local class-name mapping does not prevent those other CSS mechanisms from applying.
Styles differ between development and production
Review framework-specific CSS import ordering and global stylesheet placement. For Next.js, use guidance matching the Pages Router or App Router in the application rather than assuming the two have identical rules.
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