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CSS media queries apply styles only when the viewing environment meets conditions you specify, such as a viewport width, input capability, or user preference. For responsive layouts, start with flexible styles that work at narrow widths, then add a query when the content needs a different arrangement—not when a device reaches a supposedly universal breakpoint.
How media queries work
A media query tests the rendering environment. When its media type and feature conditions match, the browser applies the enclosed CSS rules; when they do not, those rules do not apply. Queries can test viewport width, orientation, display resolution, input capabilities, and preferences such as reduced motion or dark color scheme. MDN’s CSS media queries guide describes the available categories and syntax.
Basic syntax
@media screen and (width >= 80rem) {
.container {
margin: 1em 2em;
}
}screen is a media type; it is optional. (width >= 80rem) is a feature expression using modern range syntax. The rules inside the braces apply only when the query matches. MDN’s guide to using media queries covers the syntax and how queries may be used in stylesheets.
Combining conditions
Use and to require multiple conditions. A comma-separated query list means “either condition is sufficient.” The logical operators not and only are also available. A query matches when its media type matches and all feature expressions joined with and are true.
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/* Both conditions must match. */
@media screen and (width >= 48rem) and (orientation: landscape) {
.sidebar {
display: block;
}
}
/* Either condition can match. */
@media print, screen and (width >= 80rem) {
.content {
color: #222;
}
}Build responsive layouts around the content
Begin with a layout that can flex: use flexible grids, relative sizing, and sensible minimum or maximum constraints. Add a media query when a real design change is needed, such as moving from one column to two. Media queries complement fluid layout techniques; they are not mandatory if flexible sizing already solves the problem. MDN’s responsive design guide explains this content-led approach.
Example: a list that gains columns when there is room
.article-list {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
gap: 1rem;
}
@media (width >= 42rem) {
.article-list {
grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
}
}
@media (width >= 68rem) {
.article-list {
grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
}
}The example starts with one column and adds columns at widths chosen for the design. Treat 42rem and 68rem as illustrative values, not standards: adjust them after checking whether the actual content fits comfortably. Relative units such as rem are preferable to breakpoints tied to a particular device model.
Choose breakpoints by checking the layout
- Start with the narrow layout and make sure the content remains readable and usable.
- Widen the available space gradually, watching for cramped text, awkward wrapping, or unused room.
- Add a breakpoint where a different layout would improve the content—for example, where cards can sit side by side without becoming too narrow.
- Check widths both below and above that point, as well as the space between any additional breakpoints.
There is no universal breakpoint table that fits every design. A media query describes a condition, not an exact phone, tablet, or desktop model. Prefer viewport features such as width over device-specific dimensions, which Media Queries Level 4 deprecated for responsive work.
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Use media features for capabilities and preferences
Width is only one possible condition. Use other features when the design genuinely needs to adapt to orientation, available input, or a user preference. These queries describe an environment or capability; they do not identify an exact device.
Orientation
@media (orientation: landscape) {
.gallery {
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
}
}Use orientation when the content benefits from the available landscape arrangement. Do not assume landscape always means a large viewport; the width and height can still be limited.
Hover and pointer capability
@media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) {
.card a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
}This is appropriate for an enhancement that relies on a fine pointer and hover. Do not make essential actions available only on hover: an input-capability query is not a guarantee that every user input has that property.
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Reduced motion
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
.animated-element {
animation: none;
scroll-behavior: auto;
}
}Use this preference to reduce nonessential movement for people who request less motion. Make the reduced-motion styles fit the behavior of the component; removing animation should not hide content or make an interaction unclear.
Dark color scheme
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
:root {
color-scheme: dark;
--page-background: #171717;
--page-text: #f2f2f2;
}
}The query lets a stylesheet respond to the color scheme preference indicated by the user agent. Ensure text, controls, and other important content remain legible in the resulting colors.
Forced colors
The forced-colors feature can be useful when adapting an interface to a forced-color environment. Avoid overriding the user’s color choices without a specific need, and check that meaning remains clear when the palette is simplified. Media query features and their roles are documented in MDN’s media query fundamentals guide.
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Use container queries for reusable components
A media query responds to the page’s rendering environment, commonly the viewport. That is a good fit for page-level decisions such as changing a main layout from one column to two. A reusable component may instead need to respond to the space available in its own parent—for example, a card used in both a narrow sidebar and a wide content area. Consider a container query for that case so the component follows its container rather than the overall viewport. See MDN’s overview of media queries for the distinction between environment-level and container-based adaptation.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Print styles and media types
Media types include all, print, and screen. Use print for rules that should change the output on paper, such as removing navigation or adjusting contrast.
@media print {
nav,
.screen-only {
display: none;
}
a {
color: #000;
text-decoration: underline;
}
}Older media types such as tv and handheld are deprecated; do not use them as device-targeting shortcuts.
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Common mistakes and troubleshooting
A breakpoint works on one screen but the layout still breaks elsewhere
Cause: The breakpoint was selected for a device category or a single width rather than for the content. Fix: Check the design across the widths where it becomes cramped or has room to change. Use flexible base styles and add or adjust breakpoints where the content calls for them.
A hover-only interaction is unavailable to some users
Cause: An essential action depends on a mouse-like input. Fix: Keep the action accessible without hover; use hover and pointer queries only for enhancements that genuinely depend on those capabilities.
A rule in a media query does not appear to apply
Cause: The query condition may not match the current environment, or another applicable rule may take precedence in the cascade. Fix: Check each condition independently, then inspect the element’s matched rules and computed styles in browser developer tools. Confirm that the query is testing the intended feature, such as viewport width, rather than an outdated device dimension.
A nonmatching stylesheet seems to load anyway
A stylesheet linked with a nonmatching media query can still download, potentially at lower priority; its rules simply do not apply unless the query matches. Do not treat the media attribute as a guarantee that the file will not be downloaded. MDN’s usage guide explains this behavior.
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