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Choose the effect that matches the result
CSS image effects can change tone, add movement, blend colors with other layers, or reshape an image. These techniques are related, but they do different jobs:
filter: changes the rendered image itself, for example by making it grayscale or blurred.backdrop-filter: applies an effect to the area behind an element. The element generally needs a translucent background so that the treated backdrop can be seen.transform: moves, rotates, scales, or skews the image without changing its underlying layout footprint.- Blend modes: combine colors between an image and layers beneath or behind it.
- Clipping and masks: change which parts of an image are visible, rather than simply changing its colors.
MDN’s filter effects guide documents the filter functions and their use. For examples of blending behavior, see the CSS compositing and blending module.
CSS filter effects examples
The filter property accepts one or more functions. Available functions include blur(), brightness(), contrast(), drop-shadow(), grayscale(), hue-rotate(), invert(), opacity(), saturate(), and sepia(). Combine them when a single treatment needs more than one adjustment:
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.photo--warm {
filter: sepia(25%) saturate(125%) contrast(105%);
}
.photo--soft {
filter: blur(3px);
}
.photo--cutout-shadow {
filter: drop-shadow(0 4px 10px rgb(0 0 0 / 25%));
}Filter functions are applied in the order written, so changing their order can change the result. drop-shadow() follows transparent parts of an image, making it useful for a transparent PNG or WebP silhouette. A regular box shadow, by contrast, follows the element’s box.
How to animate an image with CSS on hover or focus
A transition eases a property from its current value to a new value when a state changes. This example starts with a grayscale image and reveals its color on hover or keyboard focus:
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.photo {
filter: grayscale(100%);
transition: filter 250ms ease;
}
.photo:hover,
.photo:focus-visible {
filter: grayscale(0%);
}Only use the hover treatment as an interaction cue when the image can also be reached by keyboard. For a link or button, style the interactive element’s image. If the image itself is intended to receive focus, make it focusable appropriately; do not make a non-interactive image appear interactive to pointer users while leaving keyboard users without access. MDN’s filter guide demonstrates a focusable image for this kind of reveal.
Transitions are suited to a change between states, such as hover and focus. They do not define a sequence of several planned stages; use keyframes for that.
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Use keyframes for a repeating or staged effect
Keyframes define the animation’s style at its start, end, and any intermediate points. This example gently zooms an image back and forth:
@keyframes gentle-zoom {
from { transform: scale(1); }
to { transform: scale(1.04); }
}
.photo--animated {
animation: gentle-zoom 3s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
.photo--animated {
animation: none;
}
}The image remains useful as a static image when motion is disabled. Keep looping motion decorative and subtle, and respect the visitor’s reduced-motion preference with the prefers-reduced-motion media feature. See MDN’s documentation for CSS animations and reduced-motion preferences.
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Combine movement, blending, and shape treatments
Small movement or scale
Use transforms when the image should move or tilt, rather than have its colors altered:
.photo--tilt:hover {
transform: scale(1.03) rotate(-1deg);
}Add a transition on transform if the change should ease between states. Transforms include translation, rotation, scale, and skew.
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Color interaction with underlying layers
Use mix-blend-mode to blend an element with the content behind it, or background-blend-mode to blend an element’s background layers. These can create color treatments that a filter alone cannot. The result depends on the colors and stacking context of the layers involved.
Shape the visible silhouette
Use clip-path or CSS masks when the goal is to show only a particular shape or portion of the image. These techniques control visibility and silhouette; they are not color filters.
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- The image remains grayscale: confirm that the hover or focus selector matches the element and sets
grayscale(0%). Check for another rule overriding its filter. - The reveal is instant: add a transition to the base state and include the property that changes, such as
filter. - The shadow looks rectangular: use
filter: drop-shadow(...)when the image has transparent areas and the shadow should follow its visible silhouette. - The blend looks different than expected: inspect the colors and layer order beneath the element; blend modes combine colors with other rendered layers.
- Motion continues for users who request less: place the animation override in a
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)rule and ensure the image still has a useful static appearance.
Performance and implementation notes
These examples describe CSS behavior; they are not browser benchmarks. Filters, blending, clipping, and animation can have different rendering costs depending on the page and browser. Avoid assuming that a particular effect is free or faster without measuring the actual page on the devices that matter to you. Keep motion nonessential, and animate only what the design needs.
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