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CSS :has() selects the element before the pseudo-class when a related element or sibling matches the selector inside its parentheses. For example, .card:has(> img) selects a card with an image as a direct child; it selects the card, not the image. :has() is a relational pseudo-class, not just a parent selector: it can test descendant, child, and sibling relationships.
How the CSS :has() selector works
The general syntax is:
subject:has(relative-selector-list) {
/* declarations */
}The browser evaluates the selectors inside :has() relative to each candidate matched by subject. If at least one relative selector matches, that candidate matches the complete selector. The subject before :has() is the element that receives the styles.
The argument is a comma-separated selector list, so any one matching alternative is enough. In article:has(img, video), an article matches if it has a descendant image or a descendant video.
Descendant, direct-child, and sibling examples
Match a descendant
With no combinator at the start of the relative selector, the relationship is a descendant relationship. The matching element can be nested at any depth:
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/* Any .card containing an img anywhere inside it */
.card:has(img) {
border-color: steelblue;
}Match a direct child
A leading > restricts the test to direct children:
/* A .card whose direct child is an img */
.card:has(> img) {
padding-top: 0;
}This does not match a card when its only image is nested inside another element, such as a wrapper.
Match an adjacent sibling
A leading + tests the immediately following sibling of the candidate:
/* An h2 immediately followed by a p */
h2:has(+ p) {
margin-bottom: 0;
}The heading is selected; the paragraph is only the relationship being tested. If another element sits between the heading and paragraph, this selector does not match.
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Match one of several relationships
Comma-separated alternatives are an OR condition:
article:has(img, video) {
/* Matches an article with a descendant img or video */
}Each alternative is evaluated relative to the same candidate element.
More useful relational patterns
Style a form when it contains an invalid control
form:has(:invalid) {
border-color: crimson;
}This selects a form with at least one descendant matching :invalid. It does not replace form validation or communicate an error to assistive technology; provide an accessible explanation of validation errors as well.
Test for a later sibling
Use ~ when the matching element may occur later among the candidate’s siblings, rather than immediately after it:
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h2:has(~ p) {
/* Matches an h2 with a later sibling p */
}The difference is structural: + means the next sibling, while ~ means a later sibling. In both cases, the heading is the selected subject.
Restrictions and specificity
- Do not nest
:has(). A:has()cannot appear inside the relative selector list of another:has(). - Pseudo-elements are not valid in its argument. The relative selector list cannot use pseudo-elements.
- Account for specificity. The specificity contributed by
:has()is based on the most specific selector in its argument list, similar to:is(). A more specific alternative can therefore raise the specificity of the complete selector. Review cascade interactions when combining alternatives or layering component rules. - It is broader than a parent selector. It can test descendants and sibling relationships as well as direct children.
Browser support and progressive enhancement
The compatibility data checked on October 3, 2026 reports support beginning with Chrome 105, Edge 105, Safari 15.4, and Firefox 121. These are release thresholds, not a guarantee about the browsers used by every visitor. Check your project’s actual supported-browser matrix before relying on :has() for essential behavior.
For an optional visual enhancement, keep the baseline rule outside a feature query and add the relational styling only where selector support is available:
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.card {
border: 1px solid #bbb;
}
@supports selector(:has(*)) {
.card:has(> img) {
border-color: steelblue;
}
}Do not assume an ordinary comma-separated selector list will preserve its supported branch if another selector in that list is unsupported. Keep optional :has() rules separate or guard them with the feature query shown above. The baseline remains in effect when the enhancement is not supported.
Choosing the right relationship
| Selector pattern | Relationship tested | Element selected | Use it when |
|---|---|---|---|
.card:has(img) |
A descendant image | The card | The image may be nested at any depth. |
.card:has(> img) |
A direct-child image | The card | The image must be an immediate child. |
h2:has(+ p) |
An immediately following paragraph sibling | The heading | Only the next sibling should count. |
h2:has(~ p) |
A later paragraph sibling | The heading | A paragraph can occur after intervening siblings. |
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does :has() select the element inside its parentheses?
No. It selects the candidate element before :has() when the relationship test succeeds.
Can I use :has() to test a sibling instead of a child?
Yes. A leading + tests the adjacent sibling; ~ tests a later sibling.
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