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Use CSS Grid’s repeat() function to define a track or group of tracks without writing the same sizes over and over. For a fixed three-column grid, use repeat(3, 1fr). For columns that respond to container width, combine repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr))—adjusting the minimum to suit your content. Choose auto-fit to let occupied columns expand when some calculated tracks are empty; choose auto-fill to preserve those track slots.
What does CSS Grid repeat() do?
repeat() is compact notation for repeating a fragment in a Grid track list. Its general form is repeat(<count>, <repeated-value-list>). It is commonly used in grid-template-columns and grid-template-rows to define recurring track sizes. The repeated list can contain one or more track sizes and optional line names. See MDN’s repeat() reference.
How do you create a fixed number of tracks?
Give repeat() a positive integer as its first argument and the track pattern as its second. This example creates three equal columns:
.grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
gap: 1rem;
}The 1fr unit gives each column an equal share of the available space after gaps and other track sizing are accounted for. To repeat a multi-track pattern, put the sizes together in the repeated list, such as repeat(2, 100px 1fr).
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How do you make columns adapt to the container?
When the number of columns should depend on available width, use auto-fill or auto-fit with a track pattern that has a fixed minimum and can flex above it. For example:
.grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr));
gap: 1rem;
}The browser calculates how many tracks with a minimum size of 230px fit. The 1fr maximum lets those tracks share remaining space. The 230px value is illustrative, not a universal setting: choose a minimum that keeps your content readable at the narrowest expected layout width. If the minimum is too wide, fewer columns fit; at a sufficiently narrow width, the layout may overflow.
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What is the difference between auto-fill and auto-fit?
| Keyword | After grid items are placed | Typical visual effect |
|---|---|---|
auto-fill |
Keeps the calculated repeated track slots, including unoccupied ones. | Space for empty slots remains, so occupied columns do not necessarily expand to fill it. |
auto-fit |
Collapses repeated tracks that remain empty, along with their adjacent gutters. | Occupied columns can expand into the space freed by empty tracks. |
Both keywords calculate how many repetitions fit. The difference is what happens to empty repeated tracks after placement. Use auto-fit when you want the items present to spread out; use auto-fill when retaining the potential slots matters to the composition. Neither is universally better; the desired behavior depends on the layout.
Where can repeat() be used, and what are its limits?
- Put repeated tracks in a Grid track-list property such as
grid-template-columnsorgrid-template-rows. - An auto-repeat pattern has fixed-size requirements. A pattern such as
minmax(230px, 1fr)works because it has a fixed minimum even though its maximum can flex; a wholly intrinsic or flexible sizing pattern cannot simply be used as the auto-repeat pattern. - A track list can contain at most one auto-repeat function. Additional repeated groups, where allowed, must comply with the fixed-repeat constraints.
- Do not nest one
repeat()function inside another.
For the precise sizing grammar and restrictions, consult MDN’s repeat() reference.
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How do you troubleshoot a repeating grid?
- Fewer columns appear than expected: the repeated pattern’s minimum plus the gaps may not fit more tracks into the available width. Reduce the minimum if the content allows, or give the container more room.
- The grid overflows on narrow screens: check whether the minimum track size is larger than the container can accommodate. Set a content-appropriate minimum rather than copying a demo value unchanged.
- Cards do not expand across the row: if empty repeated slots are being preserved, switch from
auto-filltoauto-fitwhen you want empty tracks and their gutters to collapse. - The declaration is rejected or does not behave as intended: verify that the auto-repeat pattern meets the fixed-size requirements, the track list has no second auto-repeat, and
repeat()is not nested.
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Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Frequently Asked Questions
Can repeat() repeat more than one track size?
Yes. Its repeated-value list can contain multiple track sizes, and can include optional line names.
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Does auto-fit always produce wider columns than auto-fill?
No. The distinction matters when calculated repeated tracks are empty: auto-fit collapses those tracks and their adjacent gutters, while auto-fill keeps the slots. If no repeated tracks are empty, there may be no visible difference.
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