Use Python’s built-in csv module to read a url column, then use Playwright to open each page and save a separate screenshot. The script below reuses one browser, names files safely, records row-level errors, and lets you choose viewport or full-page captures.
What you need
- Python installed on your computer.
- A CSV file with a header named
urland one webpage address per row. - Playwright and its browser binaries. Install them with
python -m pip install playwright, thenpython -m playwright install chromium. Playwright supports Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit; this example uses Chromium.
Python’s csv module reads and writes tabular CSV data without an additional CSV package. Its DictReader maps each row to a dictionary using the header names. Open the file with newline="" so the CSV module can handle line endings correctly. [Python csv documentation]
Prepare the CSV
Save a file such as pages.csv with a header row and a url column:
url
https://example.com/
https://www.python.org/
https://playwright.dev/python/
The script expects that header exactly, apart from capitalization and surrounding whitespace. If your spreadsheet export uses another delimiter, such as a semicolon, set the matching delimiter in the csv.DictReader call. Check the file’s first line if the script reports a missing header.
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Install Playwright
- Install the Python package:
python -m pip install playwright. - Install the Chromium browser binary:
python -m playwright install chromium. - Save the script below as
capture_csv.pyin the same folder aspages.csv, or change the input path in the script.
Playwright’s Python documentation covers installation and the browser, page, navigation, and screenshot APIs used here. [Playwright for Python]
Run the complete script
This synchronous script writes images into a screenshots folder and a results.csv log. It saves one output per valid URL row, continues after an individual navigation or capture error, and closes the browser even if the batch is interrupted by an exception.
import csv
import re
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
INPUT_CSV = Path("pages.csv")
OUTPUT_DIR = Path("screenshots")
RESULTS_CSV = Path("results.csv")
URL_COLUMN = "url"
FULL_PAGE = True
def safe_hostname(url: str) -> str:
"""Return a filesystem-safe hostname, or 'page' if parsing fails."""
try:
hostname = urlparse(url).hostname or "page"
except ValueError:
hostname = "page"
return re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9.-]+", "_", hostname).strip("._") or "page"
def main() -> None:
OUTPUT_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
with INPUT_CSV.open("r", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as csv_file:
reader = csv.DictReader(csv_file)
headers = reader.fieldnames or []
normalized_headers = {header.strip().lower() for header in headers if header}
if URL_COLUMN not in normalized_headers:
raise ValueError(
f"CSV must have a '{URL_COLUMN}' header; found: {headers}"
)
# Resolve the actual header spelling, including whitespace/capitalization.
actual_url_column = next(
header for header in headers
if header and header.strip().lower() == URL_COLUMN
)
rows = list(reader)
with RESULTS_CSV.open("w", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as results_file:
writer = csv.DictWriter(
results_file,
fieldnames=["row", "url", "status", "screenshot", "error"],
)
writer.writeheader()
with sync_playwright() as playwright:
browser = playwright.chromium.launch()
try:
page = browser.new_page(viewport={"width": 1440, "height": 900})
for row_number, row in enumerate(rows, start=2):
url = (row.get(actual_url_column) or "").strip()
if not url:
writer.writerow({
"row": row_number,
"url": "",
"status": "skipped",
"screenshot": "",
"error": "Blank URL",
})
continue
filename = f"{row_number:04d}_{safe_hostname(url)}.png"
screenshot_path = OUTPUT_DIR / filename
try:
page.goto(url, wait_until="load", timeout=30000)
page.screenshot(path=str(screenshot_path), full_page=FULL_PAGE)
writer.writerow({
"row": row_number,
"url": url,
"status": "ok",
"screenshot": str(screenshot_path),
"error": "",
})
print(f"Saved {screenshot_path} for {url}")
except Exception as error:
writer.writerow({
"row": row_number,
"url": url,
"status": "error",
"screenshot": "",
"error": str(error),
})
print(f"Failed row {row_number} ({url}): {error}")
finally:
browser.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Run it with:
python capture_csv.pyRows are numbered from 2 because row 1 is the CSV header. Including the row number in each filename keeps captures distinct even when several rows point to the same hostname. The result log uses the same row numbers and shows skipped blank values and failures as well as successful output paths.
Choose what the screenshot includes
Viewport or full page
The sample sets FULL_PAGE = True, which asks Playwright to capture the full scrollable page. Set it to False to capture only the visible viewport, sized here at 1440 by 900 CSS pixels. Full-page captures can be much taller and larger than viewport images. [Playwright screenshots]
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Wait for content that appears after navigation
The sample navigates with wait_until="load". That waits for the page’s load event, but it does not guarantee that every site-specific script, animation, or lazy-loaded asset has finished. If a target needs extra time, add a short delay after page.goto, or wait for a known element with page.locator("CSS_SELECTOR").wait_for(). Use a selector that actually appears on the target site; an incorrect selector will cause a timeout.
For pages that populate content as you scroll, a full-page screenshot may not trigger every site’s lazy-loading behavior. If lower sections are missing, scroll through the page before capturing or use a site-specific wait strategy. Login walls, consent prompts, bot checks, and other site behavior may also affect the resulting image.
Capture one element instead of the page
To save a specific element, wait for its locator and call screenshot on it rather than on the page:
card = page.locator(".product-card").first
card.wait_for(state="visible", timeout=10000)
card.screenshot(path="screenshots/product-card.png")
Element screenshots target the matched element and can fail if it is detached while capture is underway. For a whole-page image, use page.screenshot. [Playwright screenshots] [Playwright locator screenshot API]
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Change the format or rendering scale
The example saves PNG files. Playwright also supports JPEG and, where supported by the API, a quality setting for JPEG output. The screenshot options include scale choices that affect output pixel dimensions. Use the screenshot API documentation for the exact options supported by your installed Playwright version. [Playwright page screenshot API]
Handle CSV variations safely
Different text encoding
The script opens the input as UTF-8. If the file comes from a spreadsheet application that exports a different encoding, use the encoding appropriate to that file, such as utf-8-sig for a UTF-8 file with a byte-order mark. If decoding fails, do not silently replace characters: confirm the source file’s encoding and set it explicitly.
Unexpected header or delimiter
A missing url header raises a clear error before browser launch. Rename the CSV column to url, or change URL_COLUMN in the script. For a semicolon-separated export, use csv.DictReader(csv_file, delimiter=";"). For a file without headers, use csv.reader and read the URL from the correct column index instead.
Invalid or non-web addresses
The script reports navigation errors in results.csv. Make sure each populated cell contains a complete address such as https://example.com/. Relative paths and addresses without a usable scheme may not navigate as intended.
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For a modest list, sequential processing with one browser instance is a straightforward way to limit setup overhead and keep failures associated with individual rows. A slow or unresponsive site can still hold up the next row until the navigation timeout; adjust the timeout=30000 value to fit your pages and network. Raising the timeout may help slow sites but also makes stalled rows take longer.
Concurrent tabs or browser contexts can reduce elapsed time for large batches, but consume more memory and add complexity around rate limits, session state, and failure handling. The official API documentation establishes the core screenshot methods, not a recommended concurrency level for this CSV workflow. Start sequentially, inspect the results log, and add controlled concurrency only if measured runtime requires it.
Playwright itself is free to install; this workflow’s local costs are your machine, network connection, and time. The script does not bypass logins or anti-bot checks, and a successful navigation does not prove that a site rendered all dynamic content. Check representative output images when completeness matters.
Or skip the browser setup
If you prefer a hosted request instead of installing and maintaining a local browser, ScreenshotNeo can capture a URL via one GET request. For example, using cURL:
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can the script save a screenshot for every CSV row if one page fails?
Yes. It catches navigation or capture errors per row, records the failure in results.csv, and proceeds to the next row.
Does a full-page screenshot always include content loaded as I scroll?
Not necessarily. Sites differ in how they load lazy content; if sections are missing, scroll the page or wait for the relevant content before capturing.
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