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Understand the axes before changing the CSS
CSS distinguishes physical sides—top, right, bottom, and left—from flow-relative sides. The logical terms inline-start, inline-end, block-start, and block-end follow the text and block flow, so their physical positions can change with the writing mode and direction. MDN’s guide to logical properties explains the mapping.
- The inline axis follows a line of text. In horizontal writing it is horizontal; in vertical writing it is vertical.
- The block axis describes how blocks or lines stack. Its physical orientation also changes with the writing mode.
This is why a rule such as margin-left makes a physical-side assumption, while margin-inline-start asks for space at the start of the text flow.
Set direction in HTML when it describes the content
Use the HTML dir attribute to declare the direction of a document or a relevant element. For an RTL document, for example:
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<html lang="ar" dir="rtl">For an isolated passage with a different direction, set dir on the element containing that passage. This makes direction part of the document semantics rather than relying on a stylesheet. MDN recommends using HTML’s dir attribute instead of CSS direction where possible: MDN: direction.
CSS direction is available, but it should not be a substitute for meaningful direction metadata. The W3C’s CSS Writing Modes Level 4 recommends HTML direction attributes and appropriate element semantics because browsers can disable CSS styling.
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Replace flow-dependent physical properties with logical ones
For reusable components, choose properties according to the relationship you mean—start or end of a text line, or start or end of the block flow—not according to a fixed screen edge. Common substitutions include:
| Physical-side intent | Flow-relative CSS |
|---|---|
| Start-side margin | margin-inline-start |
| End-side padding on the block axis | padding-block-end |
| Border at the start of a line | border-inline-start |
| Position at the inline end | inset-inline-end |
| Size along the inline axis | inline-size |
| Size along the block axis | block-size |
These properties follow the element’s writing context, which lets one component stylesheet adapt without a second set of left/right overrides. MDN’s logical properties reference covers the full set.
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Do not mechanically convert every physical property. A decorative arrow tied to a fixed diagram, a viewport edge, or a particular piece of artwork may intentionally use a physical direction. Keep the physical rule when that is the design intent, and make the exception explicit in the code or component documentation.
Align Grid and Flexbox to the flow
When the desired alignment is the start of the content flow, use flow-relative alignment values such as start rather than a physical value that assumes a particular side. Grid’s logical alignment behavior is described in MDN’s guide to Grid, logical values, and writing modes.
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Check the result alongside the document order: the DOM sequence, keyboard navigation order, and visual presentation should make sense together. Changing direction or rearranging items visually should not make the reading or focus sequence confusing.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Use writing-mode for vertical text
writing-mode controls whether lines are laid out horizontally or vertically and how block flow proceeds. text-orientation controls glyph orientation within that flow. Together with direction, these properties describe CSS writing modes; they solve different parts of the layout problem. See MDN’s CSS writing modes guide and the writing-mode reference.
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Choose the writing mode that matches the content and design, then set text orientation where the glyph behavior needs it. Test the specific values—including less common sideways modes—on the browsers and devices your project supports rather than assuming every target behaves identically.
Review bidirectional text and interface details
Changing the page to RTL does not, by itself, resolve every mixed-direction string. Bidirectional processing affects how embedded LTR text, numbers, punctuation, and names appear within RTL passages. Prefer markup that expresses the structure and direction of the content; do not use broad CSS overrides as a replacement for semantic direction. The W3C specifications for CSS Writing Modes Level 4 and Level 3 describe the relevant writing-mode and bidirectional behavior.
Include these cases in review for each supported direction and writing mode:
Quick Recap
- Tables, especially column order, alignment, and header relationships.
- Form controls, labels, entered values, and punctuation.
- Numerals and mixed-script names embedded in RTL text.
- Directional icons, such as arrows that represent navigation rather than fixed artwork.
- DOM order, visual order, and keyboard focus order.
A practical implementation sequence
- Declare the content direction. Set an appropriate
dirattribute on the document or the element whose content uses that direction. - Choose the writing mode. Keep horizontal writing where appropriate; use
writing-modewhen the design or script calls for vertical flow. - Convert flow-dependent layout rules. Prefer logical spacing, border, inset, and dimension properties for component relationships tied to the text or block flow.
- Align to axes. Use logical alignment values such as
startwhen alignment should follow the content flow. - Test real content and interactions. Verify mixed-direction text, controls, tables, icons, DOM reading order, keyboard order, and the target browser/device range.
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