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For scheduled screenshots with Playwright, authenticate in a separate setup step, save the browser context with storageState, and load that state into a fresh context for each capture. Treat the saved state like a password: it can contain cookies or headers that let someone impersonate the account. Keep it out of source control and logs, restrict access to the screenshot job, and refresh it when the site’s session expires.
Save authentication state once, then reuse it
Playwright’s documented pattern separates authentication from the screenshot run. A setup step signs in and writes a state file; the scheduled capture creates a new browser context using that file. This avoids repeating the login flow on every run while keeping authentication refresh separate from navigation and capture.
The exact login action depends on the target site. Use its supported API login if available and appropriate, or complete the UI flow and wait for a reliable signed-in signal before saving. Playwright’s guide demonstrates waiting for a final URL or signed-in UI element so the state is not written before the session is established: Playwright authentication guide.
1. Authenticate and save state
Example using a UI login. Replace the URL, selectors, and credentials with the site’s actual login flow. Supply credentials through your CI secret mechanism rather than hard-coding them.
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import { chromium } from '@playwright/test';
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const context = await browser.newContext();
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('https://private.example.com/login');
await page.getByLabel('Email').fill(process.env.SITE_USER!);
await page.getByLabel('Password').fill(process.env.SITE_PASSWORD!);
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' }).click();
// Use a site-specific post-login signal, not an arbitrary short delay.
await page.getByRole('navigation', { name: 'Account' }).waitFor();
await context.storageState({ path: 'playwright/.auth/private-site.json' });
await browser.close();If the site exposes an API login that establishes browser-compatible authentication, Playwright also documents authenticating through an API request and saving the resulting state. Choose the method the site supports; the example above is specifically for a UI login.
2. Load the saved state for scheduled capture
import { chromium } from '@playwright/test';
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const context = await browser.newContext({
storageState: 'playwright/.auth/private-site.json',
});
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('https://private.example.com/dashboard');
await page.screenshot({ path: 'dashboard.png', fullPage: true });
await browser.close();Use a new context for each independent capture job. It isolates the job’s browser state and makes it clear which authenticated state the capture loaded.
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Protect the state file as a credential
Playwright warns that a browser state file may contain sensitive cookies and headers that could be used to impersonate the account. Its authentication guide recommends excluding the authentication directory from version control. Add a rule such as this to .gitignore:
playwright/.auth/Also limit who and what can read the file. In a scheduled environment, provide it only to the screenshot job and avoid copying it into screenshot output, broadly accessible artifacts, or logs. These are prudent handling measures because anyone who obtains usable session credentials may be able to act as the signed-in account; the exact secret-storage controls depend on your CI platform.
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Choose how long to retain it
- Per-run state: create the state during the scheduled workflow and keep it only for that run. Playwright notes that a test project’s output directory is automatically cleaned before each run, which can suit state that should not persist.
- Reusable state: store the state in access-controlled storage and define a refresh process based on the site’s actual session expiry or a detected login failure. Playwright advises deleting stored state when it expires, but does not prescribe a universal lifetime or refresh interval.
Do not assume a fixed expiry period: the target site’s session policy determines how long its cookies or other credentials remain valid.
Know which browser data is saved
Playwright documents storageState coverage for cookies, local storage, IndexedDB, and passkey-based authentication. The specific support available can change with Playwright versions, so check the documentation for the version installed in your project before depending on a particular storage type. The authentication guide explains the state formats and supported authentication mechanisms: Playwright authentication guide.
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Sites that rely on sessionStorage
The normal storageState API does not persist sessionStorage. If the site depends on it, Playwright’s guide shows manually serializing the relevant origin’s values and restoring them before page scripts run. That restoration must be origin-aware; do not inject one site’s session values into unrelated pages.
If you cannot safely and reliably restore the site’s sessionStorage, use the supported login flow for each run or another site-approved authentication method instead of assuming the saved state is complete.
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Choose the account strategy for parallel jobs
| Approach | Good fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
Reuse saved storageState |
The site’s login is represented in browser state and repeated authentication is undesirable. | The file is credential-like, can expire, and needs restricted access and refresh. |
| Log in during each scheduled run | You want shorter-lived state or site policy makes reuse unsuitable. | Each run repeats login steps; MFA, CAPTCHA, or interactive controls may prevent unattended authentication. |
For concurrent jobs, a shared account is suitable only when simultaneous captures will not conflict through server-side state. If workers change relevant shared state, Playwright recommends using separate accounts per worker. Check the site’s account rules before automating logins or sharing an account.
Troubleshoot failed authenticated captures
The screenshot shows a login page
- Confirm the setup step waited for a signed-in signal before writing the file.
- Check that the capture job is loading the same state file that setup produced, and that the scheduled environment can read it.
- If the state has expired or been revoked, rerun authentication and replace the old state.
- If the site uses sessionStorage, account for it separately; the ordinary state file does not include it.
The login succeeds locally but not in the scheduled environment
- Verify that the state artifact is transferred to the job securely and is not omitted by cleanup or ignored-file rules.
- Inspect the site’s authentication policy for requirements such as MFA or interactive challenges. The available documentation does not establish how a particular site handles unattended login.
- Do not print the state file or its cookie values to diagnose access; treat those values as credentials.
Parallel captures log out or affect one another
Check whether the site invalidates prior sessions, enforces single-session behavior, or stores mutable state on the account. If workers modify shared state, give them separate accounts rather than relying on one shared session.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Playwright save login state in sessionStorage?
No. The normal storageState API does not persist sessionStorage; restore the required values separately or choose another authentication approach.
How often should I regenerate the saved state?
There is no universal interval. Base refresh on the target site’s session policy or a detected authentication failure.
Quick Recap
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