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The best way to test a Drupal website is to choose the lightest test layer that can exercise the behavior you care about: unit tests for isolated logic, Kernel tests for selected Drupal integrations, functional tests for site behavior, and FunctionalJavascript tests for real browser interactions that depend on JavaScript or AJAX. Add performance assertions where query or cache regressions matter, and verify that every test you count as passing actually ran.
Choose the Drupal test layer that matches the behavior
Drupal documents four PHPUnit test types. They differ in how much of Drupal and browser machinery they start, so the best choice balances fidelity against setup and runtime. Coverage percentage alone is not a reliable measure of test quality: prioritize meaningful behavior over implementation structure and wiring, and do not aim to test every line. Drupal’s test-type guidance explains the boundaries.
| Test type | Use it for | Boundary and trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Unit | Isolated logic with minimal dependencies. | Does not boot a full Drupal site. Drupal’s base class is DrupalTestsUnitTestCase. |
| Kernel | Integration that needs a bootstrapped kernel and selected extensions; certain HTTP output or status, REST, and AJAX checks. | Can be lighter than a full functional test when only necessary pieces are set up. It does not provide normal form submission or ordinary page-request session semantics. |
| Functional | Web behavior and interactions requiring a full Drupal instance and simulated browser. | Starts with a fresh site; each test must create its own prerequisites. |
| FunctionalJavascript | Interactions whose behavior depends on JavaScript or AJAX. | Uses a real browser, requires more tooling, and takes longer than the other PHPUnit test types. |
| Nightwatch | JavaScript testing using the framework documented in the Drupal project. | It is a documented option, but the cited guidance does not establish it as a replacement for every PHPUnit browser test. |
Start with the behavior, not the tool
Ask what must be proven: a calculation, a service integration, a rendered response, a permission boundary, a form submission, or a browser-side interaction. Use the smallest layer that can observe that outcome. A lightweight test that cannot exercise the behavior is false economy; a browser test for logic that could be isolated adds setup and failure points without improving the assertion.
Set up and run PHPUnit tests reliably
For new Drupal tests, the recommended base classes are UnitTestCase, KernelTestBase, BrowserTestBase, and WebDriverTestBase. PHPUnit is the standard testing framework for Drupal 8 and later. Check the project’s Drupal, PHP, and PHPUnit compatibility before copying version-specific commands; those requirements vary. See PHPUnit in Drupal.
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Configure the project’s own test environment
Use the PHPUnit configuration and Composer layout that belong to the project. Drupal’s running guide documents these environment variables for applicable test configurations: SIMPLETEST_BASE_URL, SIMPLETEST_DB, and BROWSERTEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY for Kernel and functional test output. The location of the PHPUnit executable depends on whether vendor is beside or above the Drupal root, so use the path in the project setup rather than assuming one universal path. Unit tests do not require a working Drupal installation; Kernel and browser tests require additional services.
During development, invoke the project’s PHPUnit binary on a targeted test or suite, then inspect skipped or incomplete tests and emitted output. A green-looking command is not proof if a needed driver or service was missing. For current setup and execution guidance, consult Running PHPUnit tests.
Keep functional tests isolated and reproducible
A BrowserTestBase test installs a fresh Drupal instance. Do not rely on a developer’s existing site state: explicitly provide the modules beyond defaults, accounts, permissions, configuration, and content that the scenario needs. This makes the test’s prerequisites visible and helps ensure it behaves consistently across environments. Drupal’s functional test guidance describes this simulated-browser layer.
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Assert outcomes a user or system depends on
- For a request, assert the relevant status and response content.
- For access control, verify the permitted and denied outcomes for the appropriate account.
- For forms, exercise the submission behavior in a layer that supports it.
- For JavaScript interaction, use a real-browser test rather than inferring the result from server-rendered markup.
- For performance fixes, add an assertion for the metric that could regress.
Kernel tests can make selected HTTP assertions with Drupal’s helper, but they are not a substitute for ordinary page-request semantics. In particular, the helper does not support form submissions, and its session behavior differs from a normal page request. Use the Kernel HTTP request guidance to determine whether a given assertion fits.
Use FunctionalJavascript only when browser execution matters
FunctionalJavascript tests run in a real browser. Choose them for behavior that actually depends on JavaScript or AJAX, not as the default for every page assertion. They require more tooling and take longer than unit, Kernel, or simulated-browser functional tests. Drupal’s FunctionalJavascript documentation outlines this trade-off.
Make sure the test really ran
Run JavaScript tests with PHPUnit and a functioning WebDriver/ChromeDriver setup. Confirm that Chrome or Chromium and its matching driver are available and that the driver service is reachable. Drupal warns that core/scripts/run-tests.sh may report JavaScript tests as passed when ChromeDriver is not running and the tests did not execute. Do not count such a result as a pass. Follow Drupal’s JavaScript test running and debugging guidance when diagnosing browser failures.
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Add performance assertions where regressions matter
Drupal’s Gander support extends functional JavaScript tests with performance assertions. Useful basic regression checks include database query counts and cache-request counts; tests are especially relevant when protecting a performance fix. The documented Gander feature requires Drupal Core 10.2 or later, so check the project’s Core compatibility before adopting it. The requirement and capabilities are described in Drupal’s performance test guidance.
Troubleshoot common testing failures
A JavaScript test reports success but no browser ran
Check whether it was invoked with PHPUnit and whether ChromeDriver/WebDriver was running and reachable. Drupal specifically cautions that the general test runner can give a passed-looking result without executing JavaScript tests when ChromeDriver is unavailable. Rerun with the supported browser setup and inspect the test output.
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A functional test fails because expected site data is missing
The test starts with a fresh Drupal installation. Add the required modules, users, permissions, configuration, and content in the test setup instead of relying on local site state.
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A Kernel request test cannot submit a form or behave like a page session
That is a boundary of the Kernel HTTP helper, not necessarily an application defect. Use a functional test for form submission and normal browser-facing request behavior.
The PHPUnit command or test service cannot be found
Check the repository’s Composer layout, configured PHPUnit binary path, and project-specific PHPUnit configuration. Kernel and browser tests need additional services that a unit test does not.
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