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An absolute cell reference keeps both the column and row fixed when you copy or fill a formula. In A1 notation, $A$1 always points to cell A1, so the reference does not shift as the formula moves.
What the dollar signs mean
The dollar sign marks the part of a cell address that should not change when a formula is copied. In $A$1, the first dollar sign fixes column A and the second fixes row 1. Microsoft describes an absolute reference as one that always refers to a cell in a specific location: Overview of formulas in Excel.
How absolute references differ from other reference types
A cell reference can lock both parts of its address, neither part, or just one. The choice controls how the reference behaves when you copy the formula to another cell.
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| Reference type | Example | Column when copied | Row when copied |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | $A$1 |
Fixed | Fixed |
| Mixed, fixed column | $A1 |
Fixed | Relative |
| Mixed, fixed row | A$1 |
Relative | Fixed |
| Relative | A1 |
Relative | Relative |
A relative reference changes according to the formula’s new position. If a formula containing A1 is copied one column to the right and one row down, that reference adjusts to B2. With $A$1, it remains $A$1. Microsoft documents these reference forms and their behavior when formulas are copied or filled in its Excel formula overview.
When to use an absolute reference
Use an absolute reference when a formula should keep using the same input cell as you copy it—for example, when many formulas need to refer to one tax rate, conversion factor, or other fixed value. Store that value in one cell, then reference it with both its column and row locked, such as $B$2.
How to switch reference types in Excel
In the desktop Excel editions covered by Microsoft’s instructions, select the cell reference in the formula bar and press F4 to cycle through absolute, mixed, and relative forms. The exact shortcut behavior can depend on the platform and keyboard, so consult Microsoft’s instructions for switching reference types for the supported editions and details.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Absolute references in Google Sheets
Google Sheets uses dollar signs in the same way to mark fixed parts of a reference. Google’s conditional-formatting instructions include an example using absolute-reference notation: Use conditional formatting rules in Google Sheets.
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