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The recurring Supabase Row Level Security (RLS) mistake I look for is assuming that turning RLS on—or adding a policy—finishes the job. It does not: SQL grants decide whether a role can reach a table or perform an operation, while RLS policies decide which rows that role can access. Both layers, plus alternate routes such as views and functions, need to match the app’s intended permissions.
“Almost every one” describes my experience reviewing apps, not a measured industry-wide rate. Supabase’s documentation identifies these failure modes but does not quantify how common they are in vibe-coded apps.
What the recurring RLS mistake actually is
RLS is a row filter, not a complete access-control switch. A database role first needs the relevant object privilege—for example, permission to select from a table. If it has that privilege, RLS then limits which rows its queries can see or change. A policy cannot revoke a grant, and a grant does not specify which rows are appropriate.
Supabase describes an RLS policy as a rule effectively added to queries on the table. A typical personal-data policy allows an authenticated user to access only rows whose user_id matches the current user’s auth.uid(). A broad condition such as using (true) is appropriate only when every row really should be available to the policy’s target role. See Supabase’s Row Level Security documentation and API security guidance.
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Check grants and policies as separate layers
For each exposed table, identify which roles can reach it and which operations they can perform. Then inspect the RLS policies for those roles and operations. A project’s actual grants matter: Supabase notes that some existing projects may have default privileges on public-schema tables for anon, authenticated, and service_role. Defaults can vary, and Supabase says its platform is moving toward opt-in exposure; do not assume your project has any particular default.
Grant only the object privileges the application needs, then apply policies that enforce the intended row boundaries. Make these changes through migrations so the database’s access rules can be reproduced and reviewed alongside the app.
Trace every route to the data
Protecting a base table does not establish that every way of reaching its data is protected the same way. Supabase’s security guidance calls out several adjacent surfaces to review:
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- Views: Views can bypass underlying RLS by default. Inspect their security behavior and decide whether their access is appropriate for the roles that can query them.
- Functions: RLS does not govern function execution itself. Scope
EXECUTEgrants carefully, and reviewSECURITY DEFINERcode because it can run with its owner’s privileges. - Other Supabase products: A pre-request check configured for the Data API does not automatically cover Realtime, Storage, or other products. Review authorization at each surface the app uses.
Supabase documents these boundaries in its API security guide and RLS guide.
Know what the frontend key does—and does not do
A publishable key (or the older anon key) may be present in frontend code. It identifies the project; its presence does not by itself make database access safe. Frontend access depends on correctly configured grants and RLS for the role used by the request. Supabase explains the distinction in Securing your data and its API keys guide.
Secret and service-role keys are different: they bypass RLS and belong only in trusted server-side components, never in a browser bundle. Treat them as elevated credentials, not as another way to configure a user-facing policy. If a server-side service-role request unexpectedly encounters RLS behavior, Supabase’s troubleshooting guide identifies request authorization headers and user-session handling as details to check.
Diagnose permission errors separately from empty results
A missing object grant can cause a permission error before RLS evaluates a query. A grant may be present while a policy matches no rows, in which case a select can return an empty result. These outcomes point to different layers; check the role’s object privileges as well as the policy’s role, operation, and condition. Supabase describes this distinction in its API keys troubleshooting guidance.
Test both access and denial
A dashboard toggle or a policy that looks plausible is not proof that the application’s authorization behavior is correct. Supabase’s table workflow includes explicit grants, policies, and tests, with assertions for both permitted and denied operations under relevant roles. Its RLS guide recommends running supabase test db; it cautions, “Until the suite passes, you don’t know whether the policies do what you intended.”
Build tests around the app’s actual access model. At minimum, cover the roles and operations the app exposes, and include a positive case that should succeed and a negative case that must fail or return no unauthorized rows.
- Can an unauthenticated request read or change data that should require a user?
- Can one authenticated user read, update, or delete another user’s private rows?
- Can a user insert a row with someone else’s
user_idor change ownership on update? - Do shared or organization records work for authorized members while remaining unavailable to nonmembers?
- Do views, functions, and product-specific endpoints preserve the intended boundary?
Use the Security Advisor as a review checklist
Supabase’s advisors can flag issues including RLS being disabled, RLS enabled without policies, permissive policies, multiple permissive policies, and sensitive columns being exposed. Review findings through the Advisors documentation and Production Checklist.
A finding is a reason to investigate and resolve or consciously assess the configuration. A clean report is not, by itself, proof that the application’s authorization model is correct; tests still need to check the expected allows and denials.
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