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You can create bulk 301 redirects with individual RewriteRule entries in .htaccess, but you cannot declare a RewriteMap there. For a very large old-to-new URL list, ask your host or administrator whether they can configure a map in the server or virtual-host configuration. If you only control .htaccess, use carefully organized rules and test them before making them permanent.
Choose the right approach for bulk 301 redirects in .htaccess
The best method depends on what configuration access you have, not on a universal maximum number of redirects. Apache’s 2.4 documentation does not specify a safe rule-count limit or a performance cutoff.
| Approach | Configuration access | How the mappings are maintained | Important consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
Individual RewriteRule entries |
Can be used in .htaccess if the server permits the relevant overrides and rewrite configuration. |
Each old path and destination is written as a rule. | Easy to review mapping by mapping, but path patterns and rule order must be correct for the directory context. |
RewriteMap lookup |
The map must be declared in server or virtual-host configuration; it cannot be declared in .htaccess or a <Directory> block. |
A mapping list can be maintained separately and looked up by rules. | Ask the administrator to define the map. A map configured there can be used by rewrite rules in .htaccess. |
Apache states that RewriteMap “can only be declared in server or virtualhost context – not in .htaccess files or <Directory> blocks.” See the Apache HTTP Server 2.4 Per-directory Rewrites documentation. Do not paste a RewriteMap declaration into .htaccess expecting it to work.
How do I redirect multiple URLs in .htaccess?
First confirm that Apache will read the file and allow rewrite directives. Apache requires the server configuration to permit directives in .htaccess through AllowOverride; its example specifies AllowOverride FileInfo. Per-directory rewriting also requires Options FollowSymLinks or Options SymLinksIfOwnerMatch. These settings are controlled by the server configuration and may not be available to a shared-hosting account.
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- Back up the current file. Save a copy of the existing
.htaccessso you can restore it if a rule causes an error or unexpected routing. - Confirm rewrite access. Check with your administrator or hosting provider that
mod_rewriteis available and the directory permits the required overrides and options. If the rules appear ignored, the server configuration or your permissions may be the cause. - Inventory the mappings. Pair every old path with its intended destination. Normalize leading and trailing slashes consistently, remove duplicate old paths, and review destinations to avoid chains and cycles.
- Add a small batch of rules. Put them in the appropriate
.htaccessfile, usually before rules that route requests to an application front controller. Review existing rules before changing order; interactions depend on the full file. - Test before using 301. Temporarily use a 302 redirect, then request each old URL and inspect the response status and
Locationdestination with a request tool or browser network panel. - Check edge cases. Verify that rules do not match unintended paths, form loops or chains, or change query strings unexpectedly. Then change the tested redirects to 301.
- Monitor and roll back if needed. Check representative destinations after deployment. If a redirect is wrong, remove or correct the rule promptly and retest; browsers may retain a cached permanent redirect.
How to write RewriteRule patterns for .htaccess
In per-directory context, Apache removes the directory prefix and the leading slash from the path before matching it against a RewriteRule pattern. For example, a rule in /app/.htaccess sees the request /app/products/widget as products/widget. Therefore, the pattern in .htaccess should not start with /.
Illustrative pattern to adapt for a file in the site root:
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RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^old-page/?$ https://www.example.com/new-page [R=302,L]This rule matches old-page with or without a trailing slash and sends the browser to the specified destination. Replace the example host and paths with your controlled, intended destination; the example is not a claim that a particular host has been tested. The R=302 flag makes this a temporary external redirect during testing, and L stops processing the current rule pass.
After verifying the response and destination, change R=302 to R=301. A substitution that begins with / is a root-relative URL, while an absolute URL such as the example is an external destination. RewriteBase can affect relative substitutions, but it does not affect substitutions that begin with / or an absolute URL. For rule syntax and flag behavior, consult Apache’s mod_rewrite documentation.
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How can I redirect a list of old URLs to new URLs?
If you only have .htaccess access, write one explicit rule for each mapping and keep the rules easy to compare with your inventory. For a large list, ask an administrator whether a server- or virtual-host-level RewriteMap can be added. The decision is operational: a lookup file can be easier to maintain, but it requires configuration access that an .htaccess-only user does not have.
For either method, preserve a clear one-to-one mapping and confirm that each destination is final rather than another redirect. A source that points to a second redirect creates a chain; mappings that send requests back into one another can form a cycle. These are review checks, not a substitute for testing the actual requests against the complete configuration.
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Prevent loops, unsafe destinations, and hard-to-reverse mistakes
Watch for per-directory rewrite loops
In per-directory context, [L] ends the current pass through the rules, but a substitution can cause Apache to process the rules again. Apache documents that this can create loops; in supported contexts, [END] can stop further per-directory processing. Do not replace flags blindly: test the rule sequence and patterns in the context where they run.
Keep redirect targets controlled
Do not build a redirect URL from unvalidated user input. Apache warns that an attacker may exploit an unvalidated destination to send visitors to an attacker-controlled site. Use fixed destinations from your reviewed mapping list, and validate any dynamic input before it can affect a redirect target. See Apache’s rewrite security guidance.
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Make permanent redirects only after verification
Apache warns that a browser is allowed to cache a 301 Moved Permanently response indefinitely. Search engines may also take days or weeks to recrawl an incorrect redirect. Test with a 302 first, verify the destination and response behavior, and only then switch to 301. Apache describes this caching caveat in its Per-directory Rewrites documentation.
Use detailed rewrite logging sparingly
If ordinary response checks do not explain the behavior, an administrator can use rewrite tracing to investigate. Keep trace-level logging temporary: Apache warns that high trace logging can slow the server and produce extensive logs. Remove or reduce it after diagnosing the issue.
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