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Juno’s images show Jupiter’s clouds and enormous polar vortices, but a camera view is not a direct picture of a storm’s full depth. The visible-light JunoCam records reflected sunlight; other instruments measure infrared and microwave signals that reveal different aspects of the atmosphere. Observation date, viewing geometry, and image processing all matter when interpreting what a dramatic Jupiter image shows.

What are the swirling storms on Jupiter?

They are vortices: rotating weather systems whose cloud patterns can form enormous spirals. NASA describes Jupiter’s north-polar vortices as “hurricane-like spiral wind patterns.” The comparison is about their swirling form, not a claim that they are Earth hurricanes; Jupiter’s atmosphere and storm systems are different.

Jupiter has both cyclones and anticyclones. They rotate in opposite directions, and which direction corresponds to each type depends on the hemisphere. Their visible cloud patterns help scientists identify and classify the vortices, but a photograph alone does not establish how far a storm extends below the clouds.

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What JunoCam shows—and what it does not

Visible-light views of cloud tops

JunoCam is Juno’s visible-light camera. It records sunlight reflected by Jupiter’s clouds, giving the detailed color views that reveal cloud bands, swirls, and polar features. NASA’s mission has also invited the public to help choose image targets and process and analyze raw JunoCam data. Some published views are processed by named citizen scientists, so the caption’s credit is part of the image’s provenance.

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Other instruments probe different properties

Juno’s infrared and microwave measurements provide evidence about atmospheric properties and regions that visible-light imagery cannot show directly. The instruments answer different questions: JunoCam depicts reflected visible light, while infrared and microwave observations add information about the atmosphere beyond the camera’s color patterns. A color-enhanced image can make structures easier to see, but it remains processed imagery rather than an unprocessed view or a direct map of a storm’s subsurface structure.

Three Juno observations, with their dates and context

North-polar vortex view: July 5, 2022

NASA says a JunoCam view of the north-polar vortex was captured during Juno’s 43rd close flyby on July 5, 2022, when the spacecraft was about 25,100 kilometers above the cloud tops. NASA describes the north-polar vortices as over 50 kilometers high and hundreds of miles across. Those dimensions describe the storms, not the spacecraft’s altitude.

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Great Red Spot: image from July 10, 2017

The JunoCam frame of the Great Red Spot was taken on July 10, 2017, during Juno’s seventh close flyby, at about 13,840 kilometers above the cloud tops. Citizen scientist Andrea Luck processed the image. NASA later reported that Juno instrument measurements constrain the Great Red Spot’s depth to about 500 kilometers below the cloud tops. That depth comes from instrument data, not from something visible in the photograph.

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A new member of the south-polar grouping: November 3, 2019

Juno observed a new cyclone joining five existing south-polar cyclones around a central cyclone. NASA reported that JunoCam showed the new storm in a hexagonal grouping and that JIRAM data gave it an average wind speed of 362 kilometers per hour. That is a dated measurement for that cyclone, not a general wind speed for Jupiter’s storms.

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Why a Jupiter image’s processing and geometry matter

A published image can be processed to bring out contrast or color in the camera data, and a composite can combine observations made at different times. For example, NASA’s south-pole composite combines images from three separate orbits in enhanced color and stereographic projection; it is not one instantaneous camera exposure. A close-flyby frame and a polar composite therefore do not represent the same kind of observation.

When interpreting or sharing a Juno image, check:

  • Instrument: Is it JunoCam visible-light imagery, or a measurement from an infrared or microwave instrument?
  • Date and flyby: When was the data captured, and does the caption identify the close flyby?
  • Viewing geometry: What was the spacecraft’s position or altitude, if stated? Is the view local detail or a composite?
  • Image credit: Does NASA name a citizen scientist who processed the image?
  • Claim being made: Is a feature visible in the image, or does the claim depend on measurements from another instrument?
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How the public can help classify Jupiter’s vortices

NASA’s Jovian Vortex Hunter project lets participants classify vortex features in Jupiter images. NASA reported that, as of July 2022, 2,404 volunteers had made 376,725 classifications. Those figures are a historical count from that date, not current totals.

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