Schedule each note with a new OscillatorNode on the AudioContext timeline. To cancel a running sequence, move each active oscillator’s pending stop time earlier; cancel future gain automation separately if the notes use an envelope. For the CSS bug, visibility: hidden hides an element’s drawing but keeps its layout space. Use display: none when that space should disappear.
Schedule each note on the audio clock
An OscillatorNode generates a periodic waveform. Its frequency is an AudioParam; the default waveform is sine, and the documented default frequency is 440 Hz. Start and stop times are expressed in the associated AudioContext time coordinate system, not as delays measured from the moment a JavaScript callback happens to run. See MDN’s OscillatorNode reference and AudioScheduledSourceNode reference.
Use a fresh oscillator for every one-shot note. Calling start() is a one-time lifecycle operation; a stopped oscillator is not restarted for another note. A gain node gives the sequence a controllable amplitude and an envelope.
const activeVoices = new Set();
function playNote(audioContext, frequency, startTime, endTime) {
const oscillator = audioContext.createOscillator();
const gain = audioContext.createGain();
oscillator.frequency.setValueAtTime(frequency, startTime);
oscillator.connect(gain);
gain.connect(audioContext.destination);
// Example envelope: start quietly, then fade in.
gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0, startTime);
gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(0.15, startTime + 0.02);
const voice = { oscillator, gain, startTime, endTime };
activeVoices.add(voice);
oscillator.addEventListener("ended", () => activeVoices.delete(voice), { once: true });
oscillator.start(startTime);
oscillator.stop(endTime);
return voice;
}
function cancelSequence(audioContext, cutoffTime) {
for (const voice of activeVoices) {
if (voice.endTime <= cutoffTime) continue;
// A new stop time replaces a pending later stop time.
voice.oscillator.stop(cutoffTime);
voice.endTime = cutoffTime;
// Remove gain events after the cutoff and hold a safe level there.
voice.gain.gain.cancelScheduledValues(cutoffTime);
voice.gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0, cutoffTime);
}
}Set sequence times relative to the audio clock, for example const firstNote = audioContext.currentTime + 0.05, then add each note’s offset to firstNote. This leaves a small scheduling lead rather than trying to start at a time that may already have passed. Choose the lead and note spacing for the application; the API documentation does not prescribe one universal value.
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Cancel playback and automation as separate operations
Calling stop() controls whether the source continues producing sound. Cancelling gain automation controls future changes to the gain parameter; it does not stop the oscillator. A cancellable sequence that uses envelopes may need both actions.
MDN documents the stop-time behavior this way: “Each time you call stop() on the same node, the specified time replaces any previously-scheduled stop time that hasn’t occurred yet.” In other words, if a note already has a later scheduled end, calling stop(cutoffTime) before that end replaces the pending stop time. The source then ends at the earlier time. See MDN’s stop() method reference.
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Choose the right AudioParam cancellation method
cancelScheduledValues(cutoffTime)removes scheduled parameter changes at or after the given time. If you need a predictable silent cutoff, schedule a gain value such as zero at that time after cancelling the future events.cancelAndHoldAtTime(time)cancels future changes and holds the parameter’s value at that time. Its browser availability is limited according to MDN, so check support for your target browsers before relying on it.
These methods operate on a parameter timeline, separate from the oscillator’s start/stop lifecycle. Consult cancelScheduledValues() and cancelAndHoldAtTime().
Track voices so cancellation reaches the whole sequence
Keep each active note’s oscillator, gain node, and scheduled end time in a record. When cancellation is requested, apply the earlier stop time to every voice whose scheduled end is still later than the cutoff. The ended event provides a place to remove completed voices from the active set. This bookkeeping pattern combines the documented scheduling and automation APIs; it is not a claim of cross-browser test results.
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MDN’s sequencing example likewise uses a gain node for amplitude control, clears scheduled gain events before defining an envelope, and schedules oscillator start and stop against audio times.
Why visibility hidden can look like it hid nothing
visibility: hidden prevents an element from being drawn, but the element normally continues to occupy space in the layout. If text or a control disappears while a blank gap remains, inspect the element’s computed style and its ancestors for visibility: hidden. The property is inherited, though a descendant can explicitly set visibility: visible.
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Use display: none when the element and its descendants should be removed from layout as well as hidden. In their ordinary hidden states, both visibility: hidden and display: none also remove the content from the accessibility tree. The right choice depends on whether the layout space should remain and whether assistive technology should encounter the content. See MDN’s visibility reference.
Compare CSS hiding methods before choosing one
| Method | Layout space | Focus and pointer behavior | Accessibility tree |
|---|---|---|---|
visibility: hidden |
Normally retained | Not ordinarily interactive while hidden | Removed in its usual hidden state |
display: none |
Removed, including descendants | Not ordinarily interactive while hidden | Removed in its usual hidden state |
opacity: 0 |
Retained | Can remain focusable and receive pointer events | Not established as hidden from assistive technology by opacity alone |
opacity: 0 makes an element transparent; it does not remove it from the DOM. A transparent control may still take keyboard focus or intercept pointer input, producing an invisible interactive element. If you choose this technique, handle its focus and interaction behavior deliberately. See MDN’s opacity reference.
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