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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsData centers use large amounts of electricity because servers, storage, and networking run continuously—and almost all the electricity they consume becomes heat that must be removed. Cooling, power conversion, and redundancy add further demand. Operators can reduce avoidable consumption by measuring facility and IT loads, removing genuinely idle demand, improving airflow, and tuning cooling and electrical systems without compromising reliability.
How much electricity do data centers use?
The International Energy Agency estimated that data centers consumed about 415 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2024, around 1.5% of global electricity consumption. These are global estimates, not figures for an individual facility; demand and grid effects are concentrated in particular regions. IEA, Energy and AI: Executive summary (2025).
The share used for cooling is not fixed. The IEA reports a range from about 7% at efficient hyperscale data centers to more than 30% at less-efficient enterprise data centers. Facility design, equipment density, climate, and operating efficiency all affect the result. IEA, Energy demand from AI – Energy and AI (2025).
For a separate U.S.-specific view, the Department of Energy’s 2025 update estimates that infrastructure accounted for 31% of U.S. data-center electricity in 2024 and gives a modeled national-average PUE of 1.45 for 2024. These modeled U.S. values should not be treated as global averages or as measurements of every facility. U.S. DOE, United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update.
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Why data centers draw so much power
Servers, storage, and networking run the workloads
Servers perform computation; storage systems retain data; and networking equipment moves it between systems and users. More services, higher system density, and demanding workloads can increase IT electricity use. AI is one source of workload growth, but it is not the only reason data-center demand rises.
IT equipment turns electricity into heat
Nearly all electricity consumed by IT equipment ultimately becomes heat. Fans, pumps, chillers, cooling towers, and heat exchangers move that heat out of the facility or away from sensitive equipment. Cooling can be a relatively small share in an efficient hyperscale site or exceed 30% in a less-efficient enterprise site, so a single percentage is not a useful assumption for every operator.
Power must be conditioned and delivered reliably
Transformers, uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), switchgear, and power distribution units (PDUs) convert and deliver electricity, with losses along the way. Facilities may also install or energize capacity beyond average IT demand to meet redundancy and availability requirements. Reducing this overhead is constrained by the level of resilience the site must maintain.
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Demand is continuous and locally concentrated
Many data centers operate around the clock and need power conditioning and environmental control even when demand varies. Globally, their share of electricity is about 1.5%, but large facilities and clusters in specific places can have pronounced local grid effects.
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Start with measurement, then target the loads the data reveal. There is no universally best intervention or guaranteed site-level saving: the outcome depends on the facility’s baseline, design, workload, climate, and reliability needs.
1. Establish a consistent energy baseline
Track total facility electricity and IT electricity, adding subsystem or rack-level readings where practical. A metered or intelligent rack PDU can show rack and outlet consumption, help identify underused equipment, and support capacity planning. Compare like with like before and after a change so that savings are measured rather than assumed. ENERGY STAR describes these monitoring uses in its data-center energy-waste guidance.
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2. Find idle or underused IT equipment
Look for comatose servers and equipment that is powered but doing little useful work. Where workloads and resilience plans permit, consolidate services, apply power-management settings, or shut down systems that are genuinely unnecessary. Check performance, failover, and recovery requirements before changing production equipment: eliminating idle draw must not create an availability or recovery risk.
3. Improve airflow before adding cooling capacity
Keep hot exhaust air from mixing with cold supply air. Depending on the room layout, actions can include separating hot and cold aisles, sealing openings that let air bypass equipment, preventing recirculation, and using aisle containment. Better air management can reduce fan and cooling demand, but the available reduction depends on how the site is performing now. DOE’s design guidance covers air management alongside cooling, IT equipment, electrical systems, and heat recovery. U.S. DOE, Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (2024).
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4. Tune cooling controls and equipment
Review temperature set points and control sequences, as well as fan and pump operation. Assess economization or free cooling where outdoor conditions and system design allow it. Compare changes against actual weather and IT loads, hardware temperature limits, water availability, maintenance needs, and uptime requirements; a cooling approach that works at one site may not suit another.
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5. Check losses in electrical distribution
Use measurements to examine loading and conversion losses in UPS and PDU systems. If redundancy policies and risk controls permit, assess whether lightly loaded modules can be consolidated or equipment that serves no required function can be shut down. Do not remove capacity needed for the facility’s required redundancy.
6. Consider heat reuse where there is a nearby use
Recovering data-center heat can make sense when a nearby building or process has compatible heat demand. Its technical and economic feasibility is site-specific; it is not an automatic electricity-saving measure for every facility.
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Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is the ratio of total facility energy to energy delivered to IT equipment. It indicates facility overhead relative to IT energy, not how efficiently the IT work itself is performed. ENERGY STAR defines it as “the ratio of total energy used by a data center facility to the energy delivered to IT equipment.” ENERGY STAR, 16 More Ways to Cut Energy Waste in the Data Center.
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A lower PUE does not by itself prove that total consumption fell: IT demand could have grown while overhead per unit of IT energy improved. Pair PUE with total facility kWh, IT energy, workload served, equipment utilization, and service reliability. When comparing possible interventions, also weigh climate and water impacts, rack density, space, capital and maintenance costs, and uptime risk.
ENERGY STAR gives an illustrative case in which Target powered down two unloaded 300 kVA PDUs at one of its certified data centers, reporting an annual saving of 261,000 kWh. That is a reported result from one facility, not a typical or guaranteed saving for another site. ENERGY STAR, 16 More Ways to Cut Energy Waste in the Data Center.
Practical starting checklist
- Record facility and IT energy consistently, using rack or subsystem readings where useful.
- Identify idle equipment and verify that any consolidation or shutdown preserves performance and recovery needs.
- Inspect airflow paths for bypass, mixing, and recirculation before deciding whether more cooling capacity is needed.
- Review cooling controls against local climate, water constraints, hardware limits, and uptime requirements.
- Measure electrical-system loading and losses before changing UPS or PDU arrangements.
- Track total kWh, workload, utilization, PUE, and reliability after each change.
For broader guidance on data-center energy use and efficiency measures, see the U.S. DOE’s Data Centers and Servers resource.
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