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Census data shapes congressional districts in two separate steps: the national population count determines how many U.S. House seats each state receives, and detailed census tables give states the population information used to redraw district boundaries. The Census Bureau supplies the counts and geographic data; states draw the maps under federal and state law.
First, census counts determine each state’s share of the House
Apportionment is the allocation of the U.S. House’s 435 seats among the 50 states according to population totals from the decennial census. The number of seats a state receives sets how many congressional districts it must have. The Census Bureau’s 2020 data-products page describes the apportionment process and records that the 2020 results were released on April 26, 2021. Census Bureau: Decennial Census Data Products
Apportionment does not draw district lines. It determines how many House districts each state must create; redistricting is the separate process of deciding where those districts are.
Then, detailed census data informs boundary drawing
Redistricting is the revision of district boundaries within a state. Under Public Law 94-171, enacted in December 1975, the Census Bureau must give states an opportunity to identify small-area geographies needed for redistricting and provide population tabulations within one year of Census Day. The law makes the data available to states; it does not make the Bureau the map drawer. Census Bureau: Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data
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For the 2020 cycle, state files were posted for FTP download on August 12, 2021, and made available through data.census.gov on September 16, 2021. These are dates for that cycle, not a schedule to assume for future censuses. Census Bureau: Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data
What the 2020 P.L. 94-171 files contain
The 2020 redistricting summary file provides population and housing tabulations for small geographic areas. Its tables cover race, Hispanic or Latino origin, population age 18 and over by race and Hispanic origin, group quarters population, and housing occupancy status. These data help mapmakers examine populations and assemble districts, but they do not dictate a single map.
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| Table | Subject |
|---|---|
| P1 | Race |
| P2 | Hispanic or Latino, and not Hispanic or Latino by Race |
| P3 | Race for the Population 18 Years and Over |
| P4 | Hispanic or Latino, and not Hispanic or Latino by Race for the Population 18 Years and Over |
| P5 | Group Quarters Population by Major Group Quarters Type |
| H1 | Occupancy Status (Housing) |
The Bureau also provides documentation and technical support materials for working with the dataset, including header records and R and SAS import scripts. Census Bureau: 2020 Census P.L. 94-171 Dataset
Citizenship is not in this file
The 2020 P.L. 94-171 file does not include citizenship or immigration status. The Census Bureau identified citizen voting-age population data produced from the American Community Survey as a separate resource. Census Bureau: 2020 Census Update on P.L. 94-171 and CVAP
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Who draws the maps?
The Census Bureau counts people and publishes the apportionment and redistricting products. States establish congressional district boundaries through their own processes, which vary by state; it is not accurate to assume every state assigns mapmaking to its legislature alone. Congress may make or alter rules governing federal elections under the Elections Clause, and federal constitutional and statutory rules constrain state mapmaking. Constitution Annotated: Congress and Elections Clause
Legal rules limit how districts can be drawn
Districts must have approximately equal populations
The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution to require congressional districts to contain approximately equal numbers of people under the one-person, one-vote principle. In Wesberry v. Sanders, the Court described the goal as ensuring that “as nearly as is practicable, one man’s vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another’s.” Constitution Annotated: Voting Rights Generally
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Voting-rights protections and equal protection also apply
The Voting Rights Act may, in some circumstances, require majority-minority districts to prevent denial or abridgment of voting rights. At the same time, when race predominates over traditional districting considerations such as compactness, contiguity, and respect for political subdivisions, strict scrutiny applies. The interaction of these requirements depends on the facts and applicable law; no single summary rule determines the legality of every map. Constitution Annotated: Voting Rights Generally
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to compare two district plans
Census numbers are important inputs, not map outcomes. To assess competing plans, examine the relevant state’s process and criteria alongside the legal constraints that apply to the maps.
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- Population equality: Do the districts meet the approximately equal population standard?
- Voting rights and equal protection: Does the plan comply with the protections and constitutional limits applicable to the jurisdiction and circumstances?
- State process and criteria: Who drew the map, and what state-specific rules or criteria governed the process?
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