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What “human approval” needs to mean
An autonomous weapon system, as described by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), can select and engage a target after activation in response to sensor information and a generalized target profile, without further human intervention. The person who activates it may not choose or know the specific target, location, or timing of the later use of force.
That distinction matters: approving a general mission is not the same as approving each target. If a system independently chooses when and what to attack, a human may have authorized the mission without approving the particular use of force. Whether that arrangement is acceptable depends on the system, the mission, the context, and the applicable law; a nominal “human in the loop” label does not establish meaningful control.
A 2025 working paper submitted to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) describes human judgment as including judgments relevant to compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL), especially distinction, precautions, and proportionality. It describes control as sufficient assurance that an activated system will act foreseeably and in accordance with the law, rules of engagement, and commanders’ and operators’ intentions. This is a working-paper formulation, not a universally binding treaty definition.
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Which safeguards can prevent unapproved or unsafe attacks?
Prohibit systems that cannot be understood or controlled
The ICRC recommends prohibiting autonomous weapons designed or used so that their effects cannot be sufficiently understood, predicted, and explained. If people cannot make a reliable assessment of how a weapon will behave, they cannot confidently decide whether its use is lawful in a particular situation. A 2024 CCW working paper likewise proposes prohibiting systems that cannot be used in compliance with international law and meaningful human control. These are recommendations and proposals, not rules already adopted in a universal autonomous-weapons treaty.
Rule out autonomous targeting of people
The ICRC recommends prohibiting weapons designed or used to apply force against people. Its August 2026 position reiterates a proposed prohibition on systems designed or used to target humans directly, alongside a recommendation to restrict use to military objectives by nature. The ICRC grounds this position in humanitarian and ethical concerns, including the protection of civilians and combatants hors de combat. It is an influential policy recommendation, not a universally accepted legal prohibition specific to autonomous weapons.
Set the target and mission limits before activation
For systems not prohibited, commanders should define a bounded mission that a human can assess in its real operating context. Relevant limits include:
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- Target: Specify the target types the system may engage. The ICRC recommends restricting use to military objectives by nature where appropriate.
- Place and time: Set the geographic area and duration of operation.
- Scale: Limit the number of engagements and the scale of force the system may apply.
- Operating situation: Restrict use where civilians or civilian objects are present if the system cannot reliably distinguish them from lawful targets.
- Mission changes: Require human approval for changes to mission parameters rather than allowing the weapon to expand or rewrite its own spatial, temporal, or target limits.
The last safeguard appears in a 2024 state submission to the CCW; it is an example of a proposal, not an agreed universal requirement. These limits make the assumptions behind authorization explicit and constrain what the system can do after activation.
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Make supervision and intervention practical
Operators need the information, training, time, and authority to recognize when a weapon is acting unsafely or outside the approved context. The ICRC calls for effective human supervision and timely intervention and deactivation. A 2024 CCW paper says those authorizing use should be able to readjust, interrupt, or deactivate a system when continued operation would take it outside the context on which legal judgments were based.
An intervention mechanism is useful only if an operator can act before the harmful effect occurs. Operational plans should therefore account for how quickly the system can act, how warnings reach the operator, and whether communications or other conditions could prevent an order from taking effect. The sources call for timely intervention but do not establish one universal response time or interface design.
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Build human understanding and judgment into the lifecycle
Human control begins before deployment. People responsible for the system need enough understanding of its mechanisms, effects, and likely interaction with its environment to predict and analyze its behavior. The 2025 CCW working paper calls for control by design, including through interfaces and ergonomics, and for control in use through operator training. The ICRC–SIPRI report organizes practical measures around three areas: weapon parameters, the operating environment, and human supervision.
That means checking not only whether the system performs as intended under expected conditions, but whether its limits and failure modes are understandable to the people who authorize and operate it. Training should prepare operators to assess system outputs rather than defer automatically to them. Mission constraints, interface design, and operator procedures need to support the same human judgment instead of working at cross-purposes.
Test, secure, monitor, and investigate
Testing and oversight should examine reliability and predictability, including in environments representative of the intended use. The 2024 CCW compilation records state proposals covering realistic-environment testing, readiness criteria, monitoring, emergency mission termination, cybersecurity, protection against unauthorized access, and sharing experience from weapons reviews. These are proposals recorded in a compilation, not one agreed checklist.
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The same 2024 CCW proposal identifies data integrity and quality, algorithmic bias, automation bias, cybersecurity, AI-specific vulnerabilities, and proliferation as issues for layered safeguards. They matter to human approval because a review process can fail if an operator over-trusts a recommendation, cannot inspect relevant system behavior, or is acting on compromised data. Oversight should also include mechanisms to investigate what happened after an incident and preserve records of decisions and system behavior.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Who remains responsible?
Responsibility for the use of force cannot be handed to a machine or algorithm. The ICRC’s 2026 position paper puts the point plainly: “It is not the weapon system that must comply with IHL, but the humans using it.” Human roles and decision authority therefore need to remain clear through development, weapons review, mission authorization, deployment, and operation. The 2024 CCW paper calls for accountability mechanisms across development, deployment, and use.
Operationally, that requires clear command roles and traceable decisions: who reviewed the system, who authorized the mission and its limits, who monitored its operation, and who could stop it. Those records support oversight and investigation; they do not replace the legal judgments people must make before and during use.
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What is already law, and what is still being negotiated?
IHL applies to autonomous weapons, as it does to other weapons. States reaffirmed its applicability in the CCW in 2019, and UN General Assembly resolutions echoed that position in 2023 and 2024, according to the ICRC’s 2026 position paper. States nevertheless disagree about the specific limits and requirements that existing IHL entails for these systems. The proposed prohibitions and safeguards above should not be mistaken for the text of an already adopted universal autonomous-weapons treaty.
As of 4 October 2026, the next key diplomatic event had not yet taken place: the Seventh CCW Review Conference was scheduled for November 2026. On 25 August 2026, UN Secretary-General António Guterres and ICRC President Mirjana Spoljaric called for negotiations on a legally binding instrument, saying: “We are now dangerously close to crossing a moral red line: the autonomous targeting of humans by machines.” The ICRC said on 28 August that draft elements could provide a basis for a possible 2027 negotiation mandate. Those were proposals and future possibilities at the stated date, not completed decisions.
How the safeguards fit together
| Control point | What it can do | Status in the cited material |
|---|---|---|
| System design and effects | Bar systems whose effects cannot be sufficiently understood, predicted, and explained. | ICRC recommendation and CCW proposal; not a universally adopted treaty rule specific to autonomous weapons. |
| Targets | Prohibit autonomous force against people and limit other systems to defined target types, including military objectives by nature where appropriate. | ICRC policy recommendation; not a universally accepted autonomous-weapons prohibition. |
| Mission authorization | Constrain target, geography, duration, operating context, scale, and changes to mission parameters. | ICRC recommendations and state proposals; individual limits vary across proposals. |
| Live operation | Provide supervision and timely means to readjust, interrupt, or deactivate the system. | ICRC recommendations and CCW working-paper proposals. |
| Oversight and accountability | Support human judgment with design controls, training, review, monitoring, and investigation. | CCW working-paper proposals and ICRC–SIPRI practical framework; not a single agreed checklist. |
No single layer substitutes for the others. A bounded mission does not make an unpredictable system understandable; a deactivation switch does not provide meaningful control if nobody can use it in time. The controls must work together so that human authorization is informed, limited to a lawful context, and backed by effective oversight.
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