Measure software quality by connecting the needs of its users and the risks of its operating context to observable results and explicit acceptance thresholds. There is no single metric that proves software is globally “good”: a useful quality measurement is evidence about a defined aspect of a product, gathered under stated conditions and used to make a decision.
Start with the decision, not a metric
Before choosing a number to track, decide what the measurement must help you do. You might need to determine whether a release is ready, whether a requirement has been met, where reliability work matters most, or whether a change has made the product harder to maintain.
A measure is useful when it can change a requirement, test, investigation, or acceptance decision. If a metric has no clear connection to a decision, collecting it may consume time without improving the product. NASA’s measurement-selection guidance recommends tailoring measures to a project’s characteristics and accounting for the resources needed to collect and analyze them; that guidance is dated 2017. NASA’s measurement-selection guidance
Use a current quality model as a checklist
ISO/IEC 25010:2023 is the current product-quality model listed by ISO. Published in November 2023 as edition 2, it defines nine characteristics for ICT and software products. ISO describes its uses across requirements, design objectives, testing objectives, quality control, acceptance criteria, and measurement. Use the model to identify relevant dimensions of quality, not as a requirement to measure every dimension equally. ISO/IEC 25010:2023
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The familiar eight-characteristic product-quality list belongs to ISO/IEC 25010:2011, a prior edition withdrawn and replaced in the ISO catalog. Do not present that older taxonomy as the current model. ISO’s public abstract for the 2023 edition identifies it as a product quality model applicable to ICT and software products; the full standard contains the detailed subcharacteristics and measurement guidance. ISO/IEC 25010:2011
A practical method for measuring software quality
- Define the decision. State what the result will inform, such as release readiness or whether a specific requirement is satisfied.
- Describe users and conditions. Identify user groups, workloads, supported environments, operating conditions, and the system boundary. A result without its use conditions can be misleading.
- Select relevant characteristics. Use the ISO model as a prompt, then prioritize according to user needs, product risks, and the decision at hand.
- Specify each measure. For every chosen characteristic, record the observable property, collection method, test conditions, observation window, denominator where applicable, and acceptance threshold.
- Validate and report. Check that the measure is repeatable and decision-relevant. Report the result with its scope and conditions, and compare it with a threshold or trend that has a defined purpose.
This sequence is a practical synthesis, not a procedure prescribed verbatim by ISO. ISO identifies lifecycle uses for its model, while NASA’s guidance supports tailoring measures to a project’s characteristics.
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Turn quality characteristics into observable measures
The examples below are possible operationalizations, not metrics mandated by ISO. Select only those that fit the product and decision. Define the population, denominator, conditions, and observation window before interpreting a result.
| Quality area | Possible observable measure | Context to specify |
|---|---|---|
| Functional suitability | Successful completion of specified user tasks | Which tasks, user roles, and expected outcomes count as success |
| Reliability | Failure frequency or time to recover | Workload, observation period, failure definition, and recovery endpoint |
| Performance efficiency | Response-time distribution and resource use | Load, hardware or environment, percentile or summary method, and resource limits |
| Usability | Task success and user error rate | Participant profile, task definition, and how errors are counted |
| Security | Findings from defined security checks and time to remediate | Assessment scope, finding severity method, and remediation start/end points |
| Compatibility | Conformance or successful interaction across specified interfaces | Interface contracts, counterpart systems, and supported versions |
| Maintainability | Time to implement and verify a defined change, or change-failure indicators | Change type, team and process context, and what qualifies as a failure |
| Portability | Installation success across supported environments | Environment matrix, installation procedure, and success criteria |
Consult the full ISO/IEC 25010:2023 text before claiming that a particular measure or subcharacteristic is standardized. The examples in this table are illustrative ways to make quality questions observable.
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Keep product measures, process indicators, and user outcomes distinct
These evidence types answer different questions. Product measures describe software behavior or properties; process indicators describe how work is performed; user outcomes describe what happens for people using the product. Code complexity, for example, may help identify code that merits review, but it does not by itself show whether users can complete tasks or whether the product is reliable in operation.
Interpret each measure alongside relevant outcomes and the conditions under which it was gathered. Report the system boundary, user or workload represented, test environment, and time window so a reader can tell what the result does—and does not—establish.
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Choose measures that justify their cost
Collection and analysis take resources. For each candidate measure, ask whether it covers a meaningful quality risk, matches real use, produces repeatable data, and can affect a decision. Prefer a smaller set of decision-relevant measures over a large dashboard of numbers with no defined use.
A single composite “quality score” can hide important trade-offs. If you use one, make its component measures, weights, assumptions, and validation explicit; otherwise, report the relevant measures separately.
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