The Tool Desk
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Choose tests by what can fail
A Gatsby site combines React components, build-time GraphQL data, generated pages, and browser interactions. No single test type covers all of them. A practical testing pyramid gives fast feedback on component behavior while reserving browser tests for important integrations and user journeys.
| Layer | Best for | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Unit and component tests | Rendering, states, and interactions in isolated React components | Fast and focused, but does not validate the full Gatsby build or browser journey |
| Query-aware component tests | Components that depend on Gatsby GraphQL query results | Needs representative query data and a refresh strategy when queries change |
| End-to-end tests | Navigation and other consequential user-visible flows in a browser | More setup and maintenance than isolated component tests |
| Accessibility checks | Repeatable scans for known accessibility rule violations | Automated findings need manual review and do not prove full accessibility |
Use more component tests for state variations and a smaller set of end-to-end tests for high-value flows, such as navigating generated pages, following content links, submitting forms, or using search and custom widgets where present.
Set up unit and component tests
Gatsby does not provide unit testing out of the box. Its unit-testing guide assumes Jest 29 or newer and explains the extra configuration needed to align Jest with Gatsby’s Babel transforms. React Testing Library is the recommended fit for testing rendered components and user-facing behavior. See Gatsby’s unit testing guide for the current configuration details.
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Install and configure the test stack
The documented setup uses Jest, babel-jest, babel-preset-gatsby, and identity-obj-proxy. Configure Jest to use a preprocessing file, map static assets and styles to mocks, ignore Gatsby’s .cache directory, and transform Gatsby dependencies that are not distributed as pre-transpiled JavaScript. Without these settings, Jest may fail while parsing framework code or imports it does not natively understand.
Keep tests focused on behavior a reader can observe: whether the right content renders, a control responds to interaction, or a component handles its important states. Prefer this layer for many variations that would make end-to-end tests slower and harder to maintain.
Rank #2
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Test components that use Gatsby GraphQL data
A component that reads Gatsby query results needs realistic query data in its test environment. The community plugin gatsby-plugin-testing offers one Gatsby-specific approach: add the plugin, run gatsby build or gatsby develop, then run the tests. It stores static query results in .testing-static-queries.json, which can be ignored by Git. The plugin’s documentation is at gatsby-plugin-testing.
Refresh generated test data after query edits. Otherwise, a test can pass against stale results and fail to represent the current query. The plugin also documents a snapshot feature that freezes query inputs and can let tests run without a Gatsby build. Check the plugin’s maintenance and compatibility with your project’s Gatsby version before adopting it; its reviewed documentation does not provide a current compatibility matrix.
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Run browser tests for critical journeys
Gatsby’s end-to-end testing guide demonstrates Cypress and describes Playwright as a popular alternative. Cypress is the documented path here; choose either framework based on your team’s existing setup and the browser behavior you need to exercise. See Gatsby’s end-to-end testing guide.
Use Gatsby’s Cypress workflow
- Install and configure Cypress for the project, following Gatsby’s guide.
- For a convenient local authoring loop, use
start-server-and-testto startgatsby develop, wait for the local server, and then launch Cypress. - Write a small number of tests around complete user-visible flows, such as reaching a generated page through navigation and following an important link.
- In CI, use
cypress runrather than the interactivecypress opencommand.
If the development server is started with Gatsby’s --https option, Gatsby’s guide says start-server-and-test may wait indefinitely unless START_SERVER_AND_TEST_INSECURE=1 is set.
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Test the production build in CI
For confidence closer to deployment, build and serve the production site before running browser tests:
- Run
gatsby build. - Start the built site with
gatsby serve. - Point your Cypress run at that server and execute
cypress run.
This checks the built site rather than relying only on Gatsby’s development server, whose behavior can differ from a production build.
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Add accessibility checks without treating them as proof
Gatsby enables eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y warnings by default, which can catch some code-level problems. Add browser-based axe checks for repeatable regression coverage; Gatsby’s E2E guide describes cypress-axe. Automated tools find violations covered by their rules, but neither a clean scan nor linting establishes that the whole interface is accessible. Cypress explains the limitation in its accessibility overview.
Pair scans with manual checks drawn from Gatsby’s accessibility checklist:
- Navigate with a keyboard and confirm visible focus.
- Check color contrast, semantic headings and landmarks, and accessible form labels and errors.
- Verify meaningful text alternatives for media and useful behavior at zoom or magnification.
- Exercise menus, modals, and custom widgets with the input methods and states users need.
Troubleshoot common test failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| Jest fails parsing Gatsby or a dependency | Jest is not using Gatsby’s Babel preset, or a dependency needing transformation is excluded | Review the Gatsby Jest setup: use the documented preset, preprocessing file, and transform allowances for relevant dependencies. |
| Styles or static asset imports break a component test | Jest is trying to load a file type it does not handle as JavaScript | Map styles and assets to test mocks; Gatsby’s guide includes identity-obj-proxy for this configuration. |
| A query-dependent test disagrees with the current site | Stored static-query results predate a query edit | Run gatsby build or gatsby develop again before tests so the plugin refreshes its data. |
start-server-and-test never reaches Cypress |
The server may be using HTTPS with Gatsby’s --https option |
Set START_SERVER_AND_TEST_INSECURE=1 as described in Gatsby’s Cypress guide, then retry. |
| CI passes locally but differs from the deployed site | The tests run only against the development server | Run gatsby build, serve with gatsby serve, and execute cypress run against that server. |
| An axe scan passes but users still encounter an accessibility barrier | The issue may require context or interaction that automated rules cannot infer | Manually check keyboard operation, focus, contrast, zoom, semantics, labels, alternatives, and custom-widget behavior. |
Or skip the browser setup
If your task is to capture a Gatsby page for visual review or a workflow rather than assert behavior in a browser test, ScreenshotNeo provides a screenshot API and MCP server. A single GET request can return an image or PDF. For example, save a shot of a deployed Gatsby page with cURL:
Quick Recap
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com -o shot.webpReplace https://example.com with your deployed page URL and YOUR_API_KEY with your key. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. Cookie banners, popups, and chat widgets are removed before capture; bot checks, blank pages, and failed loads are not billed. Its MCP server lets AI agents take screenshots. The free plan includes 1,000 screenshots a month with no card, and paid plans start at $5 for 3,000. Sign up free for ScreenshotNeo.
Keep the test suite useful over time
- Keep the component layer broad enough to cover important states without moving every assertion into a slow browser test.
- Use query-aware tests only with a deliberate data refresh or snapshot strategy.
- Reserve end-to-end checks for flows whose integration failures would matter to users.
- Run production-build browser tests in CI when deployment-like behavior matters.
- Combine accessibility automation with manual verification of real interactions and context.
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