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For a new NGINX deployment, use the GeoIP2 module with a current MaxMind GeoIP2 or GeoLite2 .mmdb database. The older GeoIP module works with discontinued GeoLite Legacy databases, so it is not the right starting point for new geolocation lookups. The basic setup is to load the GeoIP2 module, map database fields to NGINX variables, make sure NGINX sees the real client IP, then test and reload the configuration.
Choose GeoIP2, not GeoLite Legacy
NGINX’s legacy GeoIP module uses precompiled MaxMind databases, and NGINX notes that GeoLite Legacy is discontinued. For a current setup, use the GeoIP2 module with a MaxMind GeoIP2 or GeoLite2 database in MMDB format. See NGINX’s legacy GeoIP module reference and its GeoIP2 module guide.
Choose the database scope according to the result you need. Country data is enough for country-level routing or reporting; use City data when you need fields such as city, subdivision, or coordinates. MaxMind describes MMDB as a binary format for fast application lookups; its CSV data is intended for tasks such as transformation or SQL import. See MaxMind’s database-format information.
Install and enable the GeoIP2 module
Install a GeoIP2 module package compatible with your NGINX distribution and version. NGINX Plus documents platform-specific package installation, including yum, dnf, apt, apk, and FreeBSD package variants; open-source NGINX users should verify whether their build includes the community module or requires a separate dynamic module. See the NGINX GeoIP2 installation guide and the community module documentation.
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Download the MMDB files from MaxMind and place them at stable paths readable by the NGINX worker processes. If you use a dynamic module, load its shared object at the main configuration level, outside the http {} block. The module file’s actual path can differ by package.
load_module modules/ngx_http_geoip2_module.so;Map database fields to NGINX variables
Put geoip2 blocks inside http {} for HTTP traffic. Each directive inside a block declares an NGINX variable and the corresponding MMDB field path. This example maps common country and city fields:
http {
geoip2 /var/lib/GeoIP/GeoLite2-Country.mmdb {
$geoip2_country_code country iso_code;
$geoip2_country_name country names en;
}
geoip2 /var/lib/GeoIP/GeoLite2-City.mmdb {
$geoip2_city_name city names en;
$geoip2_region_code subdivisions 0 iso_code;
$geoip2_latitude location latitude;
$geoip2_longitude location longitude;
}
log_format main '$remote_addr country=$geoip2_country_code city=$geoip2_city_name';
}Field paths are database lookups, not universal labels: for example, country iso_code returns the country code, while subdivisions 0 iso_code addresses the first subdivision entry. Confirm that a field exists in the exact database you installed before relying on it. NGINX’s guide demonstrates checking paths with mmdblookup; for example:
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mmdblookup --file /var/lib/GeoIP/GeoLite2-Country.mmdb --ip 8.8.8.8Use the appropriate field path arguments for the value you want to inspect. The community module also documents options such as source=$variable, default=..., metadata variables, and auto_reload. These options depend on the installed module build, so check its documentation and version before adding them.
Make sure GeoIP2 receives the visitor’s IP
By default, a lookup uses the address NGINX sees. When traffic passes through a reverse proxy or load balancer, that may be the proxy’s address rather than the visitor’s. Configure NGINX’s real-IP handling for the proxy addresses you control before using GeoIP2, then log the resulting client address alongside the lookup variables to check that both are plausible.
For example, use the real-IP module’s trusted-proxy directives with the actual CIDRs of your infrastructure; do not trust forwarding headers from arbitrary clients. If the community GeoIP2 module is configured with source=$variable, point it at the client-address variable populated by real-IP processing. The legacy GeoIP reference documents geoip_proxy and geoip_proxy_recursive; recursive handling walks a forwarded list to the last non-trusted address. See NGINX’s GeoIP reference and the GeoIP2 module documentation for the module-specific behavior.
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Test, reload, and verify the result
-
Run
nginx -tto check configuration syntax and whether NGINX can read the module and database paths. -
If the test succeeds, reload NGINX with
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Make a request through the normal traffic path and inspect a log format that includes the client address and GeoIP variables. Check that proxy traffic resolves against the visitor address rather than the proxy address.
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If a variable is empty, confirm that the database contains that field for the test IP, that the field path is correct, and that the NGINX worker can read the database file. Missing fields are normal; give application logic a deliberate fallback rather than assuming every lookup returns a value.
For stream traffic, configure the module in the relevant stream {} context if the installed module supports it. Do not copy HTTP-context directives into stream configuration without checking the module’s syntax for that build.
Keep MMDB files current
MaxMind recommends automating GeoIP and GeoLite database updates because stale data can become less accurate. Its GeoIP Update program automates binary database downloads and authenticates with an account ID and active license key. Keep the key out of NGINX configuration and protect it like a password. See MaxMind’s GeoIP Update documentation and its GeoLite update policy.
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MaxMind’s current GeoLite documentation limits users to 30 database downloads per day and requires users to delete a database within 30 days of a new release. GeoIP Update 4.x and later meet MaxMind’s TLS 1.2-or-greater requirement for requests. Check the current MaxMind documentation for applicable account and update requirements.
After replacing an MMDB file, reload NGINX or use a supported module auto-reload feature. The community GeoIP2 module documents auto_reload and metadata fields for the last check or change; confirm that the exact module build you run supports the behavior you need.
Use geolocation carefully and within the license
IP geolocation is an approximation based on IP allocation, not a precise physical-location signal. City, region, and coordinate fields should not be presented as proof of where a person is. Database fields can also change over time, so handle absent values and avoid depending on an unverified fixed schema.
MaxMind’s site-license overview permits certain internal, restricted business uses, such as content customization, fraud prevention, and geographic reporting. Sharing or redistributing GeoIP data or geolocation pairings with third parties may require different rights. Check the MaxMind license terms for your use case; obtain an appropriate commercial or redistribution license, or use a suitable MaxMind service, when your application serves third parties.
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