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If a delayed or cancelled European train puts your connection at risk, check the expected delay at your final destination and ask the railway for rerouting or a refund. For EU rail journeys covered by Regulation (EU) 2021/782, an expected arrival delay of at least 60 minutes triggers a choice of remedies. Whether you hold a through-ticket matters: EU missed-connection rights described by the European Commission apply to through-tickets, not automatically to separate tickets.
First, check your ticket and your arrival delay
Look at the delay to the destination covered by your transport contract—not only the delay to the train you are currently waiting for. The 60-minute threshold is based on the expected arrival at that final destination, including the effect of a missed connection or cancellation.
Next, check whether your connected itinerary was sold as a through-ticket. The seller must disclose this before purchase. The European Commission says, “Your rights in the event of a missed connection apply if you have a through-ticket for your train journey.” Separate tickets do not automatically provide the same EU missed-connection rights, though some railway companies may participate in arrangements such as HOTNAT (“Hop on the next available train”) or AJC (“Agreement on Journey Continuation”). Ask the operator rather than assuming one applies. See the Commission’s rail passenger-rights guidance.
Choose between a refund and rerouting
If it is reasonably expected that you will arrive at least 60 minutes late, the railway must offer the statutory alternatives under Regulation (EU) 2021/782. Compare what each option means for your trip:
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| Option | What it means | When it may fit |
|---|---|---|
| Reimbursement | Refund for the unused part of the journey. If the journey no longer serves its original purpose, you may also be entitled to a refund for the part already travelled and, where relevant, transport back to your first departure point. | You no longer want to travel, or continuing would not achieve the trip’s purpose. |
| Rerouting at the earliest opportunity | Travel to your final destination under comparable conditions, without additional cost. This may use another operator or, where appropriate, another mode. | You still need to reach your destination as soon as possible. |
| Rerouting at a later date | Travel under comparable conditions on a date convenient to you, without additional cost. | A later journey better suits your plans. |
When comparing rerouting, consider the total arrival time, connections and comparable travel conditions—not just the departure time of the next train. The railway should make reasonable efforts to avoid extra connections and keep the overall delay short.
If you are stranded, ask about assistance
When a delay reaches the relevant threshold or a service is cancelled, the railway must provide assistance where required by the regulation. Meals and refreshments should be offered in reasonable relation to the waiting time when they are available or can reasonably be supplied. If an overnight stay or additional accommodation becomes necessary and is physically possible, accommodation and transport between the station and the accommodation are included.
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When can you arrange your own alternative transport?
If the railway has not communicated rerouting options within 100 minutes of the scheduled departure of the delayed or cancelled service—or the missed connection—you may arrange a qualifying alternative yourself. The regulation allows a contract with another public rail, coach or bus provider, with reimbursement limited to costs that are necessary, appropriate and reasonable.
Before booking, keep evidence of when you asked the railway for options and what response you received. Save the alternative ticket and itemised receipts; the cost standard is not a general promise to reimburse any replacement journey at any price.
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Claim delay compensation separately
Taking a rerouted journey does not by itself remove your right to compensation. Under the EU minimum, compensation is 25% of the ticket price for a final-arrival delay of 60–119 minutes, or 50% for a delay of 120 minutes or more. These percentages apply to eligible claims under the regulation.
Compensation may not be due if you chose a refund, were informed of the delay before buying the ticket, arrived less than 60 minutes late after rerouting, or the railway proves qualifying extraordinary circumstances. The Commission’s examples include extreme weather, major natural disasters or pandemics, certain third-party incidents, and law-enforcement activity; it says railway-company staff strikes do not count as extraordinary circumstances. Such circumstances can affect compensation, but do not cancel the separate rights to refund or rerouting and assistance.
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Submit a claim and escalate an unresolved complaint
- Gather your records. Keep your ticket or booking confirmation, proof of through-ticket status, disruption alerts and messages, correspondence with the railway, scheduled and actual arrival details, and receipts. These records can help explain the disruption and costs; not every item is a legal requirement.
- Use the railway’s claim process. You can also use the EU common form established by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/949. The form is available but not mandatory: a carrier cannot reject a request solely because you did not use it. Under Regulation (EU) 2021/782, compensation is due within one month after you submit a compensation request.
- Check the applicable deadline and channel. Claim deadlines and submission methods may vary, so check the operator’s terms for your route and country. Do not assume one deadline applies to every refund or compensation request.
- Complain to the railway if needed. The Commission’s guidance says to complain within three months of the incident. The operator generally must provide a reasoned response within one month and may take up to three months in duly justified cases.
- Contact the national enforcement body if unresolved. If the operator’s answer does not resolve the complaint, the relevant national enforcement body may be able to review it. The Commission’s guidance explains the complaint process and says the enforcement-body process is expected to take up to three months, or six months for complex cases.
Check whether EU rail rules cover your service
EU passenger-rights rules generally apply to rail journeys and services within the EU, but Member States can exempt specified services. Possible exemptions include some urban, suburban, regional and domestic services, as well as trains run strictly for historical or touristic purposes. Cross-border rail journeys between EU countries cannot be exempted. National law or a railway’s conditions may provide more favourable rights.
Because exemptions and claim procedures depend on the service and country, check the Commission’s current passenger-rights information and contact the relevant national enforcement body if it is unclear whether the rules apply. This is EU-level guidance; it does not establish identical coverage for every service or route in Europe.
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