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To find a satellite, identify it in a public catalog, download its latest orbital elements, and use orbit-propagation software to estimate its position. To predict a pass over your location, provide the observer’s coordinates and a time window to an ephemeris or pass-prediction tool. These are calculated predictions from published tracking data—not live, continuous measurements—and public coverage is not complete.

How the public-data workflow works

  1. Identify the object. Search CelesTrak’s Satellite Catalog (SATCAT) by name or another known identifier, then check the available catalog fields to confirm it is the intended object.
  2. Retrieve recent orbital elements. Download the newest general-perturbation (GP) element set from CelesTrak or Space-Track. Space-Track defines GP as the newest SGP4 element set for each object it tracks.
  3. Choose a compatible format and propagator. Load the elements into software that supports their format and the matching SGP4 model. For a new workflow, prefer an OMM-compatible format.
  4. Calculate the position or pass. Propagate the elements to the time you care about. For an observer-specific pass, include the observer’s location and time interval.
  5. Check data age and refresh as needed. Compare the element epoch and retrieval time with the time of your prediction. Obtain newer elements when accuracy matters.

The calculation estimates where the object should be based on its published orbital data. It does not turn a catalog entry into a live position feed.

Find and verify a satellite in the catalog

Start with CelesTrak SATCAT. Search by the object’s name or a known identifier, then compare the catalog attributes available for the result rather than relying on a common name alone. SATCAT offers search and downloadable catalog data, and distinguishes tracked, restricted, and lost objects.

Coverage has limits: some objects monitored by the surveillance network are not listed in the public SATCAT at sufficient fidelity, and some catalog information may be restricted. If a search returns no match, that does not prove that the object does not exist.

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Get orbital elements and choose a format

CelesTrak

CelesTrak provides current general-perturbation and supplemental orbital data alongside format documentation. Review its catalog and data-format information, including its usage policy, before automating retrieval.

Space-Track

Space-Track documentation describes GP as the newest SGP4 element set for each man-made Earth-orbiting object it tracks; its GP_History class provides historical ephemerides. Space-Track access requires a valid registered account. Its documented OMM-based output options include XML, KVN, JSON, CSV, and HTML.

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Why new workflows should support OMM

The format issue is a limit of legacy fixed-width identifiers, not a blanket reason to discard every TLE. CelesTrak reports that the official USSF SATCAT exhausted five-digit catalog numbers on 2026-07-11. Its page says newly cataloged objects numbered 100000 or higher will not have GP data available in legacy TLE format. Space-Track likewise advises developers to migrate GP ephemeris workflows to OMM-based formats, which support larger identifiers.

Existing software may still work with TLE for lower-numbered objects. For a new implementation, confirm that both the data format and propagator support the full catalog-number range you need.

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Turn orbital elements into a position or visible pass

Orbit-propagation software uses the element set and its epoch to calculate an estimated position at a chosen time. A pass prediction adds the observer’s location and time window so the output describes when the satellite may be above that particular location.

JPL Horizons documents user-supplied TLE input for artificial Earth-orbiting satellites and observer-oriented output. Horizons maintains trajectories for only a small subset of Earth-orbiting satellites, so users can supply TLE data for other objects. Users remain responsible for the resulting determination.

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  • Object identity: Verify the catalog match before propagating its elements.
  • Element freshness: Check the epoch and when the data was retrieved; refresh elements when the prediction needs to be current.
  • Observer details: A sky pass depends on the observer’s location as well as the time interval.
  • Prediction limits: The output is calculated from published orbital elements, and public data may be incomplete or restricted.
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How much data is in the public catalog?

CelesTrak’s SATCAT snapshot at 2026-10-07 04:04:48 UTC listed 34,982 total cataloged objects, 17,193 active satellites, 12,644 objects with GP data, and 12,648 active satellites with SupGP data. These are timestamped catalog counts, not permanent totals; see the current SATCAT page for updated figures.

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