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What should a school SSO audit establish?
The audit should show which applications depend on the school identity provider, who owns each integration, which populations can use it, what information and permissions flow to the application, and whether access ends when it should. It should also leave an evidence trail: configuration snapshots, test results, approved changes, relevant logs, and a named owner for the final decision.
Microsoft’s application-inventory guidance emphasizes identifying what the identity system protects and prioritizing applications by factors such as sensitivity, criticality, user profiles, usage, and expected lifespan. The same approach works for a district, but the district’s application list and identity-provider records rarely tell the whole story by themselves.
How do you build a complete inventory?
Reconcile more than one source
Start with software used by students, teachers, staff, contractors, and administrators. Reconcile the district’s approved-software list and procurement or vendor records against the identity provider’s enterprise-application list. Where available, compare those lists with sign-in reports and network or application discovery records. No single discovery method is established as universally complete, so record the sources used and investigate unexplained gaps.
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Assign an owner and describe impact
For every application, record the accountable district owner, vendor, user populations, business or instructional function, expected lifespan, and whether the app is operationally critical. Note whether it handles student education records, staff information, assessment results, health or accommodation information, or administrative access. Record the applicable sensitivity and confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements so that high-impact integrations receive attention before low-risk ones.
Capture the integration record
- Identity provider and application or service-provider roles.
- Authentication method and protocol, including whether SSO is federated, password-based, or only a portal link.
- Issuer or entity identifier, sign-in and logout URLs, redirect URI or assertion consumer service (ACS) endpoint, and relevant domain or tenant restrictions.
- Signing and encryption certificate owner, expiration date, rotation process, and any encryption configuration.
- Attribute or claim mappings, identity-matching fields, role and group assignments, and any fallback sign-in path.
- Provisioning source, deprovisioning behavior, MFA or conditional-access enforcement, available logs, and current vendor support status.
Keep a dated configuration snapshot or equivalent evidence. A vendor’s use of the label “SSO” does not establish how users authenticate.
How can you tell whether an integration is actually legacy?
Classify the method in use, then verify its support status with the identity provider and vendor. Microsoft’s inventory examples place SAML, WS-Federation, OpenID Connect (OIDC), and OAuth 2.0 among cloud-ready authentication protocols, and Kerberos/NTLM, header-based authentication, LDAP, and Basic authentication among legacy methods. Those categories are a starting point, not proof that a particular deployment is exploitable or unsupported. Confirm the exact protocol role, implementation, and current vendor support before choosing a fix.
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| Access pattern | What happens | Audit implication |
|---|---|---|
| SAML or OIDC federation | The identity provider sends identity information to the application. | Inspect endpoints, issuer and audience or client settings, claims, certificates or secrets, and assignment controls. |
| Password-based SSO | A credential vault or browser mechanism stores and replays application credentials. | Check credential storage, who can use the saved credentials, password changes, and whether the app still has a separate login. |
| Linked sign-on | A portal provides a link to the application but may not authenticate the user there. | Test the destination directly; do not count a launch link as federation or assume IdP access removal revokes the app account. |
| Legacy authentication method | The application uses a method such as LDAP, Basic authentication, Kerberos/NTLM, or header-based authentication. | Establish current product support and whether an approved modernization or secure access intermediary is available. |
For general protocol selection, Microsoft describes SAML as widely compatible with traditional enterprise applications and detailed attributes, while OIDC is suited to modern web apps, mobile apps, and APIs. The application’s authentication support and hosting model determine the appropriate choice; this is not a reason to replace every SAML integration with OIDC.
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Use a small, approved test cohort covering representative roles, organizational units, and user types. Follow district change control, and use safe test accounts instead of real student records where possible.
- Test ordinary sign-in and launch. Confirm the app opens through the expected route, deep links work, and the correct tenant or domain is selected.
- Check identity matching and authorization. Verify that the app matches the right account and receives the intended role and group claims. Test that an account from the wrong tenant or domain is rejected. Authentication proves an identity; it does not prove that the resulting application permissions are appropriate.
- Check policy and recovery paths. Confirm MFA or conditional-access requirements apply as intended, and document password reset, account recovery, and any local-login or other fallback route.
- Exercise assignment changes. Remove a test user from the IdP assignment or group and confirm the expected access result. Check whether that action blocks sign-in only or also disables an existing application account.
- Trace lifecycle events. Identify what creates accounts and updates roles, then test or verify the expected behavior for a student transfer, staff departure, or role change. For certificate expiration or rotation, use a safe test where available rather than disrupting production access.
The U.S. Department of Education’s authentication best practices address account creation, provisioning, use, and disposal, and recommend periodic account recertification. Districts should separately confirm that each account remains authorized and needed; a successful SSO login alone does not establish either.
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What evidence and logs should you review?
Compare identity-provider sign-in and audit events with the application’s own access records where available. Look for unexpected sign-ins, assignment changes, failed logins, stale accounts, and differences between IdP and app activity. Microsoft 365 Education guidance identifies sign-in and audit reports, risk reports, and authentication-method usage reports as tools for troubleshooting, usage analysis, and investigations.
Retain the configuration snapshot, vendor documentation, test plan and outcomes, approved change record, assigned-population list, provisioning evidence, log references, and final decision. The sources do not establish one retention period for every school; follow district policy, contracts, and applicable requirements.
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For student-facing applications, map the identifiers and attributes sent during SSO separately from data sent through roster provisioning, APIs, or other connections. Review the agreement for permitted purposes, collection and ownership, security controls, breach responsibilities, redisclosure, access, retention and deletion, and audit provisions where appropriate.
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U.S. Department of Education guidance recommends written agreements and describes these topics as important contract provisions. Its FERPA FAQ explains that an app relying on the school-official exception must perform a function the school would otherwise use its own staff to perform, remain under the school’s direct control regarding use and maintenance of personally identifiable information, and not use or redisclose that information for unauthorized purposes. These points support district review; they do not determine whether a particular vendor or deployment complies with law. Requirements outside the United States, and state or local requirements, may differ.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How do you rank integrations and choose an outcome?
Use a documented ranking method rather than treating age alone as the risk score. Consider data sensitivity, user count and type, privilege level, remote or public exposure, protocol and vendor support, identity matching, lifecycle controls, log visibility, instructional or business criticality, and the cost and operational impact of migration. Microsoft specifically identifies criticality, user profiles, usage, and lifespan as useful prioritization factors.
| Decision | Use it when | Record next |
|---|---|---|
| Retain with controls | The method is supported, assignments are appropriately narrow, lifecycle behavior works, logs are adequate, and data terms are acceptable. | Owner, existing controls, review trigger, and any remaining remediation. |
| Modernize | The vendor supports a current federation method, but the existing integration relies on a legacy or weakly managed approach. | Target method, dependencies, change owner, test cohort, schedule, and rollback approach. |
| Contain | No direct modernization route is available now, but continued use is necessary. | Approved access intermediary or other containment, exception owner, dated review, and exit plan. Microsoft describes proxy-based secure access as an option for applications that cannot use modern authentication. |
| Retire | The application is unused, unsupported, or no longer approved. | Dependency checks, access removal, data and account disposition, and federation cleanup. |
These are audit outcomes, not a universal technology baseline. Assign an owner and target date to each decision, and document why a higher-risk application remains in use while remediation is pending.
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How do you migrate Google Workspace legacy organization-wide SSO?
Google distinguishes its legacy SSO profile, which uses one identity provider for the organization, from newer SSO profiles that can vary settings by users and support SAML and OIDC. Google advises migration to the newer profiles, which can coexist with the legacy profile so administrators can test before moving the whole organization. Product interfaces and requirements can change; check the current Google Workspace instructions before a production change.
- Create a new SSO profile in Google Workspace and register it with the identity provider as a new service provider.
- Assign a test user or test group and verify sign-in, claims, application access, and the district’s applicable MFA and recovery behavior.
- Move the top organizational unit and any other assigned organizational units or groups to the new profile in controlled stages.
- Update domain-specific service URLs where required, and verify all affected populations and entry points.
- Disable the legacy profile only after the new profile is working for the intended users. Maintain a rollback path during the change.
- Verify automatic user provisioning, then unregister the old service provider at the identity provider after confirming no remaining dependency.
For Google SAML setup, the documented fields include the IdP entity ID, sign-in and sign-out URLs, certificate upload, service-provider entity ID, and ACS URL. Google permits up to two certificates for rotation and describes optional assertion encryption when the identity provider supports it. For OIDC setup, the documented items include issuer URL, client ID and secret, Redirect URI, matching email claim, and authorization code flow. Confirm the current setup requirements for the selected profile and IdP rather than relying on an old configuration screenshot.
Quick Recap
What does a completed audit record contain?
- A reconciled application inventory with owners, user populations, criticality, data sensitivity, lifespan, and discovery sources.
- The actual authentication pattern, protocol and vendor-support findings, endpoints, claims, assignments, certificates or secrets, fallback paths, and provisioning source.
- Tested sign-in, authorization, assignment-removal, and lifecycle outcomes, with evidence and any unresolved limitations.
- Relevant IdP and vendor log references and the retention decision under district policy and contracts.
- For student-facing services, a data-flow map and documented review of vendor terms.
- A risk-ranked decision, accountable owner, approved exception if needed, remediation or exit plan, and change evidence.
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