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For NIH data, start with the repository that matches the data type: GenBank for public DNA sequences, GEO for functional-genomics studies, SRA for sequencing reads, and dbGaP for human studies whose individual-level data are controlled. For DOE-supported data, search DOE Data Explorer, then follow relevant records to specialist resources such as JGI, KBase, or ESS-DIVE. Finding a record does not necessarily mean its files are open: check the dataset’s access terms and documentation before trying to download or reuse data.
Choose a repository by data type and access level
There is no single repository for every NIH or DOE biological dataset. NIH recommends choosing a repository appropriate to the data type and discipline, while funding initiatives or award terms may add requirements. DOE likewise has broad discovery services and specialist resources; the right destination depends on the data and the project’s terms.
NIH repositories
| What you need | Where to start | Access distinction |
|---|---|---|
| Public DNA sequences | GenBank | NIH describes GenBank as an annotated collection of publicly available DNA sequences. |
| Functional genomics, expression, microarray, or sequencing studies | GEO | NIH describes GEO as a public archive that freely distributes high-throughput functional-genomics datasets. |
| High-throughput sequencing reads | SRA | NIH identifies SRA as its primary archive for high-throughput sequencing data. |
| Human genotype/phenotype studies or individual-level genomic data | dbGaP | Summary-level information may be open, but individual-level files can require an application and review against study-specific data-use limitations. |
| NIH-designated controlled-access routes | NIH controlled-access repository directory | The directory lists dbGaP, BioData Catalyst, and AnVIL and connects users with the dbGaP Access System. Confirm the route on the repository and study record. |
DOE discovery and specialist resources
| What you need | Where to start | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Search public DOE-funded scientific data | DOE Data Explorer | A discovery tool for public data reported by DOE data centers, repositories, and other organizations; it is not a guarantee that every dataset is hosted there. |
| Genome sequencing and genome analysis | Joint Genome Institute (JGI) | A DOE Office of Science user facility providing genome sequencing, data acquisition, and analysis in support of DOE mission research. |
| Systems biology and analysis of microbial, plant, or community data | KBase | A software environment for using biological data to understand biological systems. |
| Earth and environmental system datasets | ESS-DIVE | A repository for contributors to archive and share Earth and environmental science data with supporting information. |
| Find papers resulting from DOE research | DOE PAGES | A publication discovery service, not a dataset repository. |
| Discover DOE-supported repositories and platforms | DOE Office of Science PuRe Data | A directory of supported repositories, knowledge bases, and analysis platforms, including JGI and KBase among biological and environmental resources. |
How to access controlled NIH data through dbGaP
A public study summary does not make participant-level files public. NIH explains that controlled files are delivered through the dbGaP Authorized Access System and that restrictions reflect participant consent and other study terms. The current NIH process page was last updated September 16, 2026; consult it for current eligibility and account requirements.
- Check the study record and data-use limitations. Establish whether access is controlled and whether your proposed work is permitted.
- Confirm investigator and institutional eligibility. NIH specifies current eligibility and account credentials on its dbGaP access instructions.
- Submit a project and data access request. For non-intramural investigators, NIH currently identifies an eRA account as the access credential.
- Obtain institutional review and co-signature. The institutional Signing Official approves and signs the request before it proceeds to the applicable NIH Data Access Committee (DAC).
- Wait for DAC review. The committee assesses whether the proposed research fits applicable policy and study limitations. It may approve, reject, or return the request for revision.
- Meet the approved-use responsibilities. Investigators and institutions must safeguard data and comply with the signed Data Use Certification and user conduct terms. NIH says approved access lasts one year; arrange renewal or closeout before it expires.
Search efficiently and verify what you can use
- Start with the data type and organism or system. Sequence reads, assembled genomes, expression, genotype/phenotype, microbial communities, plants, and environmental measurements may belong in different systems.
- Search with identifiers when possible. A DOI, accession, study identifier, or publication reference can help connect a dataset record to related papers and establish provenance. DOE encourages persistent identifiers and dataset citations.
- For DOE data, use broad discovery and then follow the record. DOE Data Explorer searches reported public data across data centers and repositories; open the record to identify the actual repository and files.
- Read documentation and reuse terms before downloading. Check metadata, access status, data-use limits, consent restrictions, and any project-specific plan. For controlled human data, use only for the approved purpose.
Check funding and project requirements before sharing or reusing data
For DOE-funded awards and contracts, approved Data Management and Sharing Plans (DMSPs) address repository choice, sharing timelines, resources, and limitations. DOE generally does not mandate one repository, although a sponsoring program may specify one or impose other conditions. DOE’s 2023 Public Access Plan describes immediate access to scientific data displayed in or underlying publications, broader access to other data, and use of persistent identifiers. For NIH data, a specific initiative or award can add sharing requirements beyond the general repository-selection guidance.
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