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A modern utility-scale wind turbine can generate thousands to tens of thousands of megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity in a year, depending on its rated capacity and the wind at its site. A useful estimate is annual generation = rated capacity × 8,760 hours × capacity factor. For example, a 6-megawatt (MW) turbine at an illustrative 35% capacity factor would produce about 18,396 MWh, or 18.4 gigawatt-hours (GWh), in a year. The 35% figure is an assumption for this example, not a universal turbine value.
How to estimate a turbine’s annual electricity generation
Multiply the turbine’s rated power by the hours in a year and by its capacity factor:
Annual generation (MWh) = capacity (MW) × 8,760 hours × capacity factor
Capacity factor is the share of the turbine’s theoretical maximum annual output that it actually generates over the period. A turbine does not produce its rated power continuously: wind speeds vary, and output is affected by turbine design, downtime, wakes from nearby turbines, and electrical and other system losses. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) explains the distinction between power capacity and energy generated in its 2024 Annual Technology Baseline definitions.
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Using the formula, a 6 MW turbine at a hypothetical 35% capacity factor yields 6 × 8,760 × 0.35 = 18,396 MWh in a year. That is an estimate based on the chosen capacity factor, not a forecast for a particular turbine or site.
What do modern turbine ratings look like?
“Modern” does not describe one fixed turbine size. NREL’s 2024 land-based reference data include a 3.2 MW 2022 market-average rating and a 6 MW market-average reference turbine, as well as an 8.3 MW representative technology. The same table lists a 37% fleetwide average capacity factor for U.S. wind plants built in 2021; NREL identifies these as reference data, not the capacity factor of every turbine or its representative technology. See the NREL 2024 land-based wind assumptions.
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For offshore wind, NREL’s 2024 reference turbine is rated at 12 MW, with a 216-meter rotor diameter and 137-meter hub height. These are model reference specifications, not a definition of every offshore turbine. Details are in the NREL 2024 offshore wind assumptions.
A modeled 12 MW offshore example
NREL’s FY25 Cost of Wind Energy Review gives a representative floating offshore case with net energy capture of 3,346 MWh per MW per year and a net capacity factor of 38.2%. Applying the per-megawatt figure to its 12 MW reference turbine gives approximately 40,152 MWh, or 40.2 GWh per year. This is a modeled result under the review’s assumptions, not a guaranteed output or an average for all offshore turbines.
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The same case reports gross energy capture of 4,205 MWh per MW per year. Gross and net figures are not interchangeable: the net result accounts for losses included in the model. NREL’s FY25 Cost of Wind Energy Review provides the modeled figures and accounting context.
Why actual generation differs
Two turbines with the same rated capacity can produce different annual amounts because capacity alone does not specify the wind conditions or the losses between theoretical and delivered energy. NREL’s land-based and offshore assumptions describe factors including the wind resource and hourly wind profile, hub height, rotor and generator design, availability, wakes, and electrical and other system losses.
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When comparing output claims, check whether they refer to rated capacity or energy over time, what capacity factor and site assumptions were used, and whether the number is gross or net. Also distinguish a modeled reference case from an estimate for a specific project or observed generation. These differences matter: NREL’s assessment of four modeled 17 MW turbine designs reports gross annual energy production ranging from 52.8 to 64.9 GWh, which is not directly comparable with the 12 MW floating turbine’s net result.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What these figures do—and do not—tell you
An annual generation estimate describes energy over a year, not a steady supply at every hour. It also cannot by itself establish how many homes a turbine can power: that conversion would need a defined household-consumption figure, geography, and matching time period.
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Market growth figures answer a different question. The U.S. Department of Energy reports 6,326 MW of new global offshore wind capacity installed in 2023, the fourth-largest annual installation total to that point. That is added capacity across projects, not electricity generated by one turbine. The report’s coverage of operating projects runs through December 31, 2023; see the 2024 Offshore Wind Market Report.
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