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Prevent out-of-scope edits by combining a precise task boundary with controls the agent cannot override: restrict writable paths and tools, isolate execution, require approval for consequential side effects, and review the complete diff. Written instructions help define the job, but they are not an access control.

Define the boundary before the agent starts

State what the agent may change, what operations it may perform, and what must remain untouched. Name the intended files or directories where possible, and spell out prohibited side effects such as changing dependencies, modifying generated files, accessing credentials, or making network requests.

If the request is ambiguous, narrow it or clarify it before granting broader access. This turns “stay in scope” into criteria a reviewer—and any enforcement layer—can check. OpenAI’s guidance on running Codex safely emphasizes sandbox and approval boundaries; its Agents SDK guidance covers validating proposed actions against policy.

Limit the paths and tools the agent can use

Give the agent the smallest workspace and set of tools that can complete the task. A request to update one configuration file rarely justifies unrestricted shell access or write permission across an entire machine.

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  • Limit writable locations. Restrict writes to the repository or, where supported, selected directories or files.
  • Limit available tools. Disable tools the task does not need, and grant only the relevant commands or subcommands rather than blanket permission.
  • Keep approval meaningful. Permission settings should make the agent pause for sensitive operations rather than silently allowing them.

GitHub Copilot CLI documents tool allow and deny rules, including file-specific write permissions; its documentation says deny rules take precedence over allows and warns that broad permission modes should be used only in an isolated environment. See Allowing and denying tool use. In VS Code, built-in agent tools can be limited to the current workspace and enabled or disabled through the tool picker; see Secure AI-assisted development.

Choose the right execution boundary

Isolation controls solve different problems. A Git worktree separates a task’s edits from the active checkout, reducing interference and making the changes easier to discard. It does not, by itself, prevent commands from reaching a developer’s home directory, credentials, or the network.

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For stronger protection, run generated code in an OS-level sandbox or isolated compute environment, restrict network destinations, and keep credentials separate from the environment that executes agent-generated code. OpenAI describes these controls in its guidance on sandbox security. VS Code documents worktree sessions and OS-level sandboxing as separate controls in its security guidance. Codex’s worktree and cloud-environment options are also outlined in the Codex plan overview.

Put checks where side effects happen

If you build an agent application, validate actions at the tool that performs them. Before a tool writes a file, runs a command, or changes an external system, check the target, operation, arguments, identity, and allowed scope. Reject actions outside policy; pause ambiguous or high-risk ones for explicit human approval; and fail closed if that review cannot happen.

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The OpenAI Agents SDK documentation summarizes the principle: “Put validation next to the tool that creates the side effect.” Agent-level input and output guardrails do not necessarily wrap every nested custom tool call in manager-style workflows, so they should not be treated as a substitute for tool-level checks. See Guardrails and human review.

Review the diff and keep an audit trail

Before committing, merging, or opening a pull request, inspect the complete diff—not just the files the agent says it changed. Look for unrelated edits, generated files, dependency changes, unexpected deletions, and modifications that violate the task boundary. If the changes are not acceptable, discard or undo them before they enter the shared branch.

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Retain enough logs to reconstruct what happened: the request, tool calls, approval decisions, tool results, and relevant network-policy outcomes. VS Code documents reviewing diffs and keeping or undoing pending edits in its agent security guidance. OpenAI describes using Codex logs to investigate unexpected activity in Running Codex safely at OpenAI. Logs and review help detect and explain mistakes; they do not replace access restrictions.

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Match the control to the risk

Evaluate a setup along five dimensions rather than relying on a single “safe mode” label:

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  • Enforcement strength: Is scope only an instruction, or is it enforced by tool permissions, a workspace boundary, or OS-level isolation?
  • Granularity: Can you limit access to a workspace, selected folders, individual tools, or individual tool calls?
  • External access: Can commands reach arbitrary network destinations or read credentials?
  • Approval friction: Does the agent pause for every action, only sensitive actions, or none?
  • Review and recovery: Are changes isolated, visible in a diff, auditable, and easy to discard?

There is no single setup that fits every coding agent, host, operating system, and repository layout. Product behavior also changes: VS Code’s cited security page describes its terminal sandbox as Preview on macOS, Linux, and WSL2, and Experimental on Windows. Check the current VS Code documentation before relying on platform-specific setup details.