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When a Claude request fails in Amazon Bedrock, start with the exact AWS error code and HTTP status—not a broad change to IAM permissions. Check the identity and credentials making the call, account-level Anthropic or Marketplace prerequisites, then confirm the endpoint, API version, request format, and invocation permission all match. Capacity and quota errors need a different response from access denials.
Capture the details that identify the failure
Before changing a policy or retrying, record the response’s HTTP status, AWS error code, full message, operation, model ID, AWS account and Region, endpoint hostname, and whether the request uses InvokeModel, Converse, or Anthropic Messages. A generic application message such as “Claude unavailable” is not enough to distinguish authorization from a malformed request or temporary capacity issue.
Use the status and code together. AWS documents these mappings: AccessDeniedException is HTTP 403; FTUFormNotFilled is HTTP 404; IncompleteSignature is HTTP 400; InvalidClientTokenId is HTTP 403; ServiceUnavailable is HTTP 503; overloaded_error is HTTP 529; and ThrottlingException is HTTP 429. AWS’s Amazon Bedrock API error-code guide describes the causes and remedies.
For AccessDeniedException or NotAuthorized, check the actual caller
A policy may be correct for one identity while the application is using another. Verify the active AWS profile, user or assumed role, account, and Region in the environment that made the failing request. If the caller uses temporary credentials, confirm they have not expired and that the application is refreshing or replacing them correctly.
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- For
AccessDeniedException, check that the caller is allowed to perform the requested action and that its temporary credentials are still valid. - For
NotAuthorized, inspect the role’s permissions and trust relationship, as well as organization controls such as service control policies (SCPs) and other explicit denies. - If the denial names
iam:PassRole, check whether the caller may pass the specified role to Bedrock; this is distinct from permission to invoke a model.
AWS’s identity and access troubleshooting guide covers authorization, trust relationships, and role passing. Avoid broadening permissions until you have confirmed which identity and action are actually involved.
Resolve Anthropic first-use and Marketplace prerequisites
FTUFormNotFilled: submit the Anthropic use-case details
FTUFormNotFilled indicates that required Anthropic first-use information has not been submitted. Anthropic first-time customers submit the use-case details once per account, or once through the organization’s management account. The form asks about intended use and for a website URL. AWS says the management-account submission is inherited by other accounts in that AWS Organization. This requirement does not apply to Anthropic models accessed through bedrock-mantle.
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Follow AWS’s instructions to request access to models and complete the relevant submission for the account and organization context making the request.
Marketplace activation: check permissions and subscription state
For serverless models with AWS Marketplace product IDs, first-use auto-enablement requires the caller to have aws-marketplace:Subscribe, aws-marketplace:Unsubscribe, and aws-marketplace:ViewSubscriptions. If the application’s principal lacks those actions, an authorized administrator may need to enable the model once. These Marketplace subscription permissions are not needed for inference after the model has been enabled. Applicable Marketplace purchases also require a valid payment method.
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Allow for AWS’s documented 15-minute Marketplace subscription processing interval before treating a pending subscription as a new IAM defect. This is a processing window, not a guarantee that every access problem clears after 15 minutes.
Match the endpoint, authentication, API version, and IAM action
Bedrock’s endpoint determines which authentication options, API conventions, and IAM action namespace apply. Do not assume that credentials or a policy configured for one endpoint will work on the other.
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| Endpoint and request path | Version convention | Relevant inference permission |
|---|---|---|
bedrock-runtime with InvokeModel and Anthropic Messages |
Set anthropic_version to bedrock-2023-05-31. The documented Anthropic SDK setup supplies the required setting when configured with the documented base URL. |
bedrock:InvokeModel and/or bedrock:InvokeModelWithResponseStream, depending on the call. |
Anthropic-compatible bedrock-mantle Messages route |
Send the HTTP header anthropic-version: 2023-06-01. |
Use the bedrock-mantle: action namespace; AWS gives bedrock-mantle:CreateInference as an example. |
AWS recommends the bedrock-runtime endpoint for new applications in its reviewed Anthropic Messages API documentation. Confirm that the hostname, Region, authentication method, and request format belong together. The two endpoint families have different authentication choices, and a bedrock: policy does not automatically grant access to a bedrock-mantle route, or vice versa.
For either endpoint, scope the policy to the relevant model or resource where applicable, and check for explicit denies or organization-level restrictions. AWS explains endpoint-specific inference permissions in Making inference requests and the Messages API endpoint and version details in Inference using Anthropic Messages API. Model availability and access requirements can vary by Region and account, so verify the current AWS documentation for the target deployment.
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For signature, token, action, or validation errors, fix the request or client
IncompleteSignature(HTTP 400): check that the SDK supports Bedrock and is configured with the intended credentials. If the application signs requests manually, review its signature calculation.InvalidClientTokenId(HTTP 403): AWS does not recognize the supplied certificate or access-key ID. Check for an incorrect or stale key and confirm the application is not using an unintended credential source.InvalidAction: check for a misspelled or unsupported operation.ValidationError: compare the request’s required parameters and values with the API reference for the specific operation being called.
These errors do not by themselves call for adding model-invocation permissions. First correct the SDK, credentials, operation, signature, or request fields indicated by the response.
Handle capacity errors differently from throttling
| Error | What it indicates | Response |
|---|---|---|
ServiceUnavailable (HTTP 503) |
Temporary service load or capacity. | Retry with exponential backoff and random jitter. |
overloaded_error (HTTP 529) |
Temporary model capacity. | Retry with exponential backoff and random jitter; follow Retry-After if the response includes it. |
ThrottlingException (HTTP 429) |
An account quota or rate limit. | Investigate the applicable quota or rate settings rather than treating the response as an IAM denial. |
Repeatedly retrying a 429 without investigating the quota or rate limit is not equivalent to handling a temporary 503 or 529. AWS’s error-code guide distinguishes these cases and gives the corresponding remediation.
Quick Recap
Use the error class to choose the next check
- 403 access denial: verify the active caller, valid credentials, requested action, role trust, and explicit or organization-level denies.
- 404 FTUFormNotFilled: complete the Anthropic first-use submission for the applicable account or management account.
- Marketplace first-use block: check the three Marketplace subscription actions, payment prerequisite, and subscription processing state.
- 400 signature, action, or validation error: correct the SDK setup, signing, operation, or required request values.
- 503 or 529: use backoff and jitter, honoring
Retry-Afterwhen supplied for a 529. - 429: investigate the account’s quota or rate limit.
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