To reduce the risk of a remote compromise, prioritize actively exploited vulnerabilities that are reachable on your server, apply security updates from your Linux vendor, restrict unnecessary network access, harden SSH, and verify the changes with scans and configuration checks. The commands and settings below are explicitly labeled for RHEL 8 or RHEL 9; other distributions use different package tools and documentation.
1. Inventory the server and establish a baseline
Before changing a production host, record enough information to determine which advisories apply and what a safe change will involve:
- Distribution, release, architecture, support status, and package stream.
- Installed packages and the vendor advisories or CVEs that may affect them.
- Internet-facing ports, enabled services, and which clients or networks need each service.
- SSH access policy, administrative accounts, and maintenance-window constraints.
- Restart and reboot requirements, recovery options, and the owner of any accepted exception.
Match advisories to the server’s exact product and release. Red Hat Security Advisories identify affected products, severity, fixed issues, and CVE references. Do not assume an upstream version comparison settles whether a distribution package is fixed: vendors may backport fixes without adopting the upstream version number.
2. Triage findings by exploitability and exposure
A CVE in a package inventory is a reason to investigate, not by itself a complete measure of immediate risk. Red Hat distinguishes a system with an open path to exploitation from one that is affected but not currently vulnerable under its configuration. The latter still needs remediation: a later configuration or software change could open that path.
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Set urgency by considering both credible exploitation activity and whether the affected code or service can be reached under the host’s current configuration. Red Hat Lightspeed’s “Known exploits” label refers to public exploit code or known public exploitation; it does not show that a particular host has been compromised.
Check CISA’s Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog as one input to prioritization. Because the catalog changes, check its current entries and deadlines directly, then confirm the product and version against the Linux vendor’s advisory before acting. Do not infer that a listed upstream version is affected—or fixed—without checking the distribution package.
3. Apply vendor-supported security updates
Use the package-management and advisory workflow documented for the server’s distribution and release. The following automatic-update example is specific to RHEL 8; it is not a universal Linux setup.
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RHEL 8: configure automatic security updates
- Install and configure
dnf-automaticusing Red Hat’s RHEL 8 package-management guidance. - Edit
/etc/dnf/automatic.confand setupgrade_type = security. - Enable the
dnf-automatic-install.timersystemd timer, using the RHEL 8 documentation for the supported service procedure. - Choose and test a schedule that fits the application’s maintenance windows, service-restart needs, and downtime tolerance.
Automatic installation can reduce the chance that an available security update is missed, but it also changes when package changes enter the system. Compare it with a controlled manual process:
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| Approach | Useful when | Operational trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Manual, scheduled updates | Changes need review, staging, or a coordinated maintenance window. | Provides change-control oversight, but depends on staff consistently reviewing and applying updates. |
RHEL 8 automatic security updates using dnf-automatic |
The organization wants security updates installed on a recurring schedule. | Can reduce missed-patch risk, but timing, service restarts, downtime, and reboot handling must be tested in the target environment. |
After installation, check whether a kernel or another process requires a restart, and confirm that the fixed package or advisory is installed. A completed package transaction does not prove that every change is active; Red Hat documents tools for identifying processes that need restarting.
4. Reduce remotely reachable services
Disable daemons the server does not need. For every service that must remain, keep its package updated and restrict reachability to the clients or networks that need it using host and perimeter firewall policy. Red Hat’s service guidance specifically cautions that services such as NFS and Samba need careful implementation and firewall protection.
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- Avoid exposing legacy remote shells such as
rlogin,rsh, andtelnet; use SSH instead. - Do not expose an internal-only service to the public internet merely because it is installed or enabled.
- When a patch is not yet available, a temporary restriction that closes the relevant exposure path may reduce immediate risk; track it as a mitigation, not a replacement for eventual patching.
Red Hat’s RHEL 7 Security Guide puts the principle plainly: “Potentially, any network service is insecure.” The guide is useful for that general warning, but use current documentation for your distribution’s commands and operational specifics.
5. Harden SSH without locking out administrators
On RHEL 8, consider disabling direct root SSH login if operations do not require it, and use individual administrator accounts with controlled privilege escalation. Where it fits your account-management model, restrict SSH access with AllowUsers or AllowGroups in the SSH daemon configuration.
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- Edit the RHEL 8 SSH daemon configuration with the chosen access restrictions, including
PermitRootLogin noif direct root login is unnecessary. - Reload
sshdso the configuration change takes effect, following the RHEL 8 service procedure. - Keep your existing administrative session open and verify access in a second session before closing the first.
Changing SSH to a non-default port may reduce automated scanning on the standard port, but Red Hat describes this as security through obscurity. It does not replace patching, strong authentication, access controls, or network restrictions.
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Choose authentication and cryptographic algorithms with the client fleet and compliance requirements in mind. Red Hat warns that many SSH hardening changes reduce compatibility with clients that do not support current algorithms or cipher suites. For example, Ed25519 host keys are not FIPS-140-compliant and do not work with Ed25519 in FIPS mode.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.6. Scan and verify the result
Use scanner content appropriate to the distribution release and keep definitions current. For RHEL 9, Red Hat documents vulnerability assessment with release-appropriate OVAL definitions. After downloading the RHEL 9 definition file, the documented local evaluation command is:
oscap oval eval --report vulnerability.html rhel-9.oval.xml
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Review the generated report and investigate its findings; the scan evaluates the host against the definitions used and cannot guarantee that unknown vulnerabilities or a compromise are absent. Red Hat also documents oscap-ssh for remote assessment over SSH, with the scanner and required utilities installed as documented. For configuration hardening or compliance, use relevant SCAP Security Guide content and select the organizational or regulatory profile that applies.
Close the change with a record that captures the advisory or CVE, affected host, package before and after, patch or mitigation, required restart or reboot, verification result, and any exception’s owner and expiry. Re-scan after changes and track unresolved findings.
Choose the response that matches the risk
When an issue is urgent, compare exploit activity, actual exposure, patch availability, and the operational cost of downtime. If a temporary network restriction can close the exposure path while a patch is prepared, document that mitigation and still schedule remediation. For routine maintenance, choose between manual review and automation based on how much change control the service needs and whether the organization can reliably apply updates on schedule.
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