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In hexagonal architecture, an application port should describe a purposeful interaction with the application—not merely echo an HTTP endpoint or database operation. A name such as createUser may tell you what a controller or repository does while saying little about the business process. A name such as registerCustomer can make that intent clearer, provided it reflects the language the business actually uses.
What “ports” means here
This title is about ports in hexagonal architecture, also called ports and adapters—not TCP or UDP network ports. A port marks a purposeful conversation with an application. An adapter translates between that application interaction and a particular technology, such as a user interface, database, or other external system.
Alistair Cockburn’s 2005 description frames the pattern as a way to let an application be driven by users, programs, automated tests, or batch scripts, while allowing it to be developed and tested independently of its eventual runtime devices and databases. The port describes the application interaction; adapters handle the technology-specific translation. Cockburn’s original article is dated September 4, 2005, and identifies itself as version 0.9.
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Consider a port with methods called createUser and updateUser. Those names may be perfectly understandable to a developer, but they can describe record operations rather than why the application is doing them. They may also inherit the vocabulary of a REST controller, CRUD interface, or database schema.
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Christoph Thonhauser’s SQUER article contrasts that style with a CustomerRegistration interface and an interaction named register. The point is not that one naming convention is universally correct. It is that an application boundary can make the business process legible, instead of forcing readers to infer it from transport or persistence mechanics.
Choose names a domain expert can recognize
Use this diagnostic question: “Will a domain expert know exactly what process this port refers to, simply by its name?” A useful name should identify the process—and, where needed, its actor or context—in the domain’s actual vocabulary.
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- Start with the business action. Ask what someone is trying to accomplish, not which row or resource changes.
- Use language people in the domain recognize. Do not replace plain CRUD terms with impressive-sounding jargon if domain experts themselves describe the work as creating or editing a record.
- Add context when it distinguishes processes. For example, registration and account provisioning may both create a user record but represent different business interactions.
The goal is clarity, not a naming makeover. A name that sounds domain-specific but does not match real business language is still misleading.
Let tests exercise business behavior
A test of createUser might only check that data was written and can be read back. That can be useful for persistence behavior, but it does not by itself say whether the application has fulfilled a business promise.
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In the SQUER example, the registration flow supports a more meaningful question: can a customer check out before confirming their email? A test that exercises that rule communicates behavior at the application boundary. The example is illustrative; it is not a reported production measurement or proof that business-named ports always improve testing.
This distinction also helps keep tests from becoming copies of a REST controller or database schema. Tests can drive the application through its port, while adapters remain responsible for translating HTTP requests, database records, or other external formats.
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Keep consumer formats in the adapters
A domain-oriented port does not require every consumer to use domain objects directly. Different callers may need different response shapes. Adapters can translate the application’s interaction and result into a consumer-specific DTO, message, or transport format.
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That division lets the application express what it does in meaningful terms while an adapter handles how a particular caller expects to communicate. Cockburn’s original description likewise assigns technology-specific translation to adapters at the application boundary.
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CRUD names can be right—and extra layers have a cost
If a reference-data editor genuinely lets users create, read, update, and delete rows—and that is how the domain experts describe the work—CRUD vocabulary may be the most honest choice. Renaming a straightforward record operation as a grand business process would obscure rather than clarify it.
There is also a design trade-off: a port-and-adapter boundary is useful when it provides meaningful isolation or serves multiple drivers and adapters, but an interface retained for only one adapter may not be worthwhile in every design. The SQUER author treats that as a judgment call, not an automatic requirement. AWS Prescriptive Guidance also identifies added complexity and possible latency as trade-offs of the pattern.
- Prefer a business-shaped port when it names a real process, helps domain experts recognize the interaction, or supports meaningful rules independent of a particular technology.
- Prefer CRUD-shaped language when the domain itself is genuinely about maintaining records and people describe it that way.
- Question the abstraction when a boundary adds indirection without useful isolation, multiple consumers, or a clearer expression of application behavior.
Make the intended vocabulary visible to people and AI tools
AI coding agents can reproduce the naming conventions they find in a repository. If existing ports are named after endpoints and database operations, generated code may continue that pattern; if the team establishes clear domain vocabulary and intent, that gives both people and tools a better convention to follow. This is a design observation, not a quantified claim about error rates or maintenance outcomes.
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