fetch() does not reject just because a server returns an HTTP error status such as 404 or 500. It fulfills with a Response; your code must check response.ok or response.status and decide what to do. To send a non-success status into a catch block, throw an error after the response arrives.
Why an HTTP error does not reject fetch()
An HTTP status is part of a server response, not proof that the request failed to reach a server. Fetch therefore treats receiving a response with status 404 or 500 differently from a request-level failure. The promise fulfills with a Response, and the response carries the status for your code to inspect. The WHATWG Fetch Standard distinguishes ordinary responses from network errors.
That behavior means a .catch() attached to fetch() does not, by itself, handle every unsuccessful HTTP status. MDN describes the same behavior in its fetch() method documentation: check Response.ok or Response.status when HTTP status affects your application.
Make non-success statuses enter your error path
For a function that should return data only when the response is successful, check response.ok before reading the body. It is true for status codes in the 200 range.
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async function getData(url) {
const response = await fetch(url);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error: ${response.status}`);
}
return response.json();
}
try {
const data = await getData("/api/data");
console.log(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error("Request or response processing failed:", error);
}Here, Fetch still fulfills when it receives a non-success HTTP response. Your function then throws, which rejects getData() and transfers control to the surrounding catch. The check-and-throw pattern is also shown in MDN’s Using the Fetch API guide.
Choose whether to throw or return the response
Neither handling style is mandatory; choose based on what callers need to do with HTTP statuses.
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| Approach | Use it when | What the caller gets |
|---|---|---|
Return the Response without throwing |
The caller needs to branch on multiple statuses or inspect an error response body. | A fulfilled result that the caller must inspect, including its status and body. |
Throw when !response.ok |
The function’s contract is to return successful data only and callers handle failures with exceptions. | A rejection for a non-success HTTP status, created by your code after Fetch receives the response. |
If different statuses require different outcomes, inspect response.status and apply your own policy—for example, show a sign-in prompt for an authorization response, display a not-found state for a missing resource, or offer a retry for a temporary server failure. Fetch does not impose those application-specific decisions.
If an error response includes useful validation or diagnostic details, read the body before discarding the response and preserve those details in the error you throw. Do not assume every error body is JSON; choose a body reader that matches the API’s response format.
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Know which kind of failure occurred
Checking response.ok covers HTTP status handling. Other failures can happen before a response is available or while reading it:
- Request-level failure: A malformed URL or unsupported scheme, or a network failure, can reject the fetch promise. This is different from receiving an HTTP response with a non-success status.
- Cancellation: Aborting a request can reject with an
AbortError. If the response has arrived but its body has not been read, aborting can instead cause the body read to reject. MDN covers cancellation in its Fetch API guide. - Body-reading or parsing failure: Calls such as
response.json()are separate asynchronous operations. They can fail—for example, if the body is malformed JSON—even when the HTTP status is in the 200 range. - Restricted response: A response with type
opaqueoropaqueredirectcan expose status 0 rather than a readable HTTP status. This is not an ordinary HTTP error code. Check the request mode and redirect handling; MDN explains these response types in its Response.type reference.
Because failures can occur at different stages, a catch around both fetch() and body parsing may handle several kinds of errors. If the application needs different recovery actions, classify errors at the point where they arise instead of treating every caught error as an HTTP status failure.
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