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If an infection is not improving on antibiotics, contact the healthcare professional who prescribed them promptly. If the person is seriously deteriorating or sepsis is suspected, seek emergency care now rather than waiting for a routine reply. A lack of improvement needs clinical reassessment; by itself, it does not confirm antibiotic resistance or show which treatment is needed.
What should you do first?
- Contact the prescribing healthcare professional promptly. Say clearly that the infection is not getting better or is getting worse. The CDC advises patients to report either situation; do not wait a set number of days if the person’s condition is deteriorating.
- Seek emergency care if sepsis is suspected or the person is seriously deteriorating. Sepsis is a life-threatening medical emergency, and the CDC urges people to act fast. If you think it may be sepsis, use emergency services or go to emergency care rather than waiting for a routine appointment or callback.
- Have the medication details ready. Note the antibiotic name and directions, and be prepared to describe missed doses, difficulty taking it, side effects, and any new or worsening symptoms.
The CDC’s patient-safety guidance suggests asking: “could this be sepsis?”
What should you tell the clinician and ask?
Share information that may help the clinician assess the infection and choose what to do next:
- Whether symptoms are stable, improving, or worsening, and when the change began.
- The antibiotic name, how you have taken it, any missed doses, and any side effects or difficulty taking it.
- Whether you have had an antimicrobial-resistant infection before, a recent hospitalization, or recent healthcare outside the United States.
Ask whether you need reassessment or testing, and how the results will guide the next step. The CDC says testing helps healthcare personnel pick the right antibiotic or antifungal treatment.
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Does treatment failure prove the infection is resistant?
No. Antibiotic resistance means germs have developed the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them, so they can continue growing. It does not mean a person’s body has become resistant to antibiotics. An infection that is not improving is a reason to contact a clinician, but that fact alone cannot diagnose resistance or identify why treatment is not working.
The right explanation depends on the particular infection and the person’s clinical situation. The title does not specify the infection site, organism, test results, medication, or patient factors, so it is not possible to identify the cause or recommend an alternative regimen here.
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How might the clinician decide what to do next?
The treating team can reassess the person and decide whether diagnostic testing is appropriate. If results identify a germ and show which medicines it is susceptible to, that information can help guide treatment. Decisions also depend on the infection site and patient-specific factors; there is no universally appropriate “stronger antibiotic” for every case.
Antibiotic choices and guidance vary with the infection and clinical circumstances. CDC recommendations for selected common outpatient infections are not a general rescue plan for treatment failure across all resistant infections. Follow the treating clinician’s advice rather than trying to select a replacement medicine yourself.
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What should you do with the current antibiotic?
Take it according to the instructions you were given while you contact the healthcare professional. Do not independently change or stop the course, share the medicine, or save it for later. Tell the clinician about missed doses, questions, trouble taking it, or side effects, and follow their advice about what to do.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How common is antibiotic resistance?
The World Health Organization’s antimicrobial-resistance fact sheet estimates that approximately 1 in 6 laboratory-confirmed bacterial infections worldwide were resistant to antibiotics in 2023. That is a global estimate for that year—not an individual patient’s probability of resistance, and not a measure of how often treatment fails.
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