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In 2018, U.S. officials privately warned technology companies about intelligence and security risks they associated with Huawei and ZTE telecommunications equipment. The public record describes the concern—potential exploitation of technology for espionage or censorship—but does not disclose the briefings’ classified evidence, transcripts, or complete recipient list. The warnings were risk assessments, not public proof that either company had used a particular product to spy.

What did the private briefings warn companies about?

In a June 22, 2018 report, CyberScoop reported that the U.S. government was briefing technology companies about concerns involving Huawei and ZTE. Senator Marco Rubio said the aim was to alert companies to intelligence concerns: “I think it’s important for us to do what we can to warn people about the threat.”

The central concern was that Chinese authorities could potentially exploit technology made by the firms for espionage or censorship. Rubio argued that Chinese intelligence law compelled companies to cooperate with authorities. That was his rationale for the warning, not public evidence that either company had in fact used a specific device or service to conduct espionage.

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The briefings themselves were not made public. CyberScoop did not publish transcripts or identify every company that received one, so the details of what officials said in each meeting—and the evidence behind their concerns—remain unknown from the public reporting.

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Why were companies being warned privately?

The briefings offered companies a security warning as they weighed business decisions involving Huawei and ZTE. Rubio said some firms were balancing the concerns against the attraction of access to the Chinese market. He described that market’s appeal as “1.3 billion people”; this was his characterization in 2018, not a current population estimate.

CyberScoop compared the approach with an earlier FBI-led effort to brief private companies about Kaspersky Lab. In some of those cases, security-cleared participants received classified “read-ins.” The report did not say that every Huawei or ZTE briefing followed that format.

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The warnings also echoed public concerns voiced earlier that year. CyberScoop reported that six intelligence agency heads, including leaders of the CIA, FBI, and NSA, told the Senate Intelligence Committee in February 2018 they would avoid Huawei or ZTE products or services because of security risks. The CyberScoop article did not reproduce their full testimony.

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How did the briefings relate to the 2018 ZTE dispute?

The story appeared during a dispute over ZTE’s access to U.S. suppliers. CyberScoop reported that the Commerce Department had barred ZTE from buying components after the company violated an agreement related to business with Iran and North Korea. The Trump administration’s proposed arrangement included a compliance board, executive changes, and a fine. Rubio argued that those steps would not resolve the security concern.

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That episode explains the immediate context of the 2018 report; it should not be read as a description of ZTE’s present status or as a summary of current U.S. policy.

What changed after the 2018 warnings?

Later federal law established a public framework for certain government-related restrictions. Section 889 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 restricts executive agencies from procuring covered telecommunications or video-surveillance equipment and services. It also restricts agencies from contracting with entities that use covered equipment or services as a substantial or essential component of a system, or as critical technology in a system.

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The Government Accountability Office’s July 2026 account identifies Huawei and ZTE among five companies named in the Section 889 context it summarizes; the others are Hytera, Hikvision, and Dahua. The law’s scope also includes specified affiliates and depends on the statutory conditions. It is not a blanket prohibition on every private person or business owning any Huawei or ZTE device.

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The public briefings and Section 889 are different kinds of action: the first were private warnings about assessed risks, while the later statute sets procurement and contractor-use restrictions. Neither fact, by itself, proves that a particular device was compromised.

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Can covered equipment still be in government use?

Yes. GAO’s May 19, 2026 report says equipment acquired before the procurement restriction took effect may remain in use. GAO describes network-connected equipment as a potential route for remote exploitation and notes that devices not connected to agency IT networks may still pose risks through external networks. These are potential risks, not findings that a particular legacy device was compromised.

Finding and tracking covered equipment is a practical challenge. GAO describes agencies using hardware inventories, network scans, procurement-record searches, and physical searches to identify items. Its reports do not establish a complete public inventory of all Huawei or ZTE equipment held by the government. GAO also reported in July 2026 that rulemaking to implement Section 889 provisions remained underway.

GAO summarized the longer policy backdrop in July 2026: “Concerns about the government’s reliance on Chinese companies for telecommunications and information technology—and the related security risks—have existed for over a decade.”

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