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The XRP Ledger does not add a bank charter, a stablecoin license or a fund wrapper. It adds protocol building blocks that an issuer or institution can configure: authorization, freeze and optional clawback controls on issued tokens; credentials and permissioned domains that gate access; and vault and lending primitives for pooled assets. The most recent milestone is xrpld 3.4.0, published 2026-09-16, which introduced LendingProtocolV1_1.
Issuer controls for stablecoins and other issued tokens
An XRPL stablecoin is an issued token whose value depends on assets held outside the ledger and on the issuer’s promise to redeem it. The ledger enforces the settings described below, but it does not verify an issuer’s reserves or redemption quality. The official Stablecoin Issuer guide covers establishing a trust line and transferring tokens. It also recommends publishing an xrp-ledger.toml file that lists the issuer’s currencies and addresses. That is a transparency step, not a control.
The Stablecoin Settings page groups issuer choices into authorization, freezing, clawback and fixed supply. The first three determine who can hold a token and what the issuer can do to balances after issuance.
Authorized trust lines
Require Auth makes admission an issuer decision. Once it is on, an account can hold the token only if the issuer has authorized its trust line. A bank-backed or compliance-focused stablecoin can use this to limit holders to accounts it has approved. The alternative is open holding, where any account that sets up a trust line can receive the token. XRP sits outside this control because it is not an issued token. See Authorized Trust Lines.
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Freezes
An issuer can freeze an individual trust line, restricting that holder’s use of the token, or freeze activity in the token globally. A freeze lets the issuer respond to a specific account or a broader problem without recovering tokens. Holders therefore depend on the issuer’s published policy to know when a freeze will be used. The ledger shows that the power exists, not when or why it will be exercised. Setting No Freeze gives up this option.
Clawback
Clawback is the only control in this group that lets an issuer recover tokens already held by other accounts. It is optional, so an issuer that wants to rule out seizing holders’ balances can leave it off. Clawback and No Freeze cannot be used together. XRP cannot be clawed back under any setting. See Clawing Back Tokens.
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Pre-issuance choices
Two of these settings are fixed early. The table gives the timing rule and conflicts for each.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute| Setting | Effect | When it must be chosen | Conflicts and limits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Require Auth | Holders need an issuer-authorized trust line | Before the account has any trust lines or offers; it cannot be turned on after issuance starts | Applies to issued tokens only; XRP is not subject |
| Freeze (individual or global) | Issuer can restrict one trust line or all activity | Not stated as a timing requirement on the cited Stablecoin Settings page | No Freeze turns freezing off |
| Clawback | Issuer can recover tokens held by other accounts | Before the issuer issues trust-line tokens; cannot be added to an account that has already issued them | Conflicts with No Freeze; XRP cannot be clawed back |
Credentials and permissioned domains
Permissioned access on XRPL combines two pieces. Credentials carry an attestation, and permissioned domains decide which attestations count.
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Credentials
A credential is a signed statement stored on the XRP Ledger and tied to an XRPL account. It can attest to identity, legal status or another status, and the issuer defines what the credential represents. The ledger records the attestation; it does not independently verify the underlying fact. The credentials documentation describes the design as supporting authorization while respecting privacy and decentralization. See Credentials.
For example, a bank that has completed its own onboarding could issue a credential to the accounts it has approved. Anyone relying on that credential is trusting the bank’s process, not a check performed by the ledger.
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Permissioned domains
A permissioned domain lists accepted credentials as one to ten issuer and type combinations. When an account tries to use a resource restricted to that domain, XRPL checks for a matching, accepted, unexpired credential. Without one, access fails. The domain owner can change the accepted list without changing the restricted resource’s configuration, so a policy update does not require reconfiguring the resource. See Permissioned Domains.
Vaults and lending for tokenized funds
Single Asset Vaults
A Single Asset Vault pools depositors’ funds in one asset type and makes that pool available to other on-chain protocols. The vault asset can be XRP, a trust-line token or an MPT. A vault can be public or private. The official tutorial demonstrates credential gating for private vault deposits through a permissioned domain, which is the most concrete current example of restricting who can put money into a pool. The vault is still a protocol primitive. It does not make a pool a regulated fund or define an investment mandate. See Single Asset Vaults and Create a Single Asset Vault.
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Lending Protocol
The Lending Protocol originates fixed-term, uncollateralized loans funded from vault liquidity. Underwriting and risk management happen off-chain. The documented current implementation has no automated on-chain collateral or liquidation management. A vault depositor therefore relies on the operator’s off-chain credit process, not on the protocol, to manage borrower default. See Lending Protocol.
Closed-ended vault phases and cash-basis accounting
LendingProtocolV1_1, shipped in xrpld 3.4.0, extends vaults with a closed-ended lifecycle of subscription, investment and redemption phases. An open-ended vault has no such fixed sequence, so the closed-ended design is the one to examine when a fund-style product has defined entry and exit windows. The same release adds cash-basis accounting, which recognizes interest as income when payments are made rather than as it accrues.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Release status and what is not yet established
XRPL protocol capabilities are gated by amendments. A release that makes an amendment available is not evidence that the amendment has activated on the decentralized network, and the 3.4.0 release notes state that activation timing depends on amendment voting. The two releases relevant to this topic are:
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| Release | Published | Relevant changes |
|---|---|---|
| xrpld 3.3.0 | 2026-08-06 | Among other changes: ConfidentialTransfer for privacy-preserving MPT transfers, DynamicMPT properties, and reserve and fee sponsorship |
| xrpld 3.4.0 | 2026-09-16 | LendingProtocolV1_1 with closed-ended vault phases and cash-basis accounting; fixes to authorization, credentials, domain checks, and vault and lending precision |
- Permissioned domains. The Permissioned Domains page states that domains do nothing on their own and names permissioned DEXes and vault and lending integration as features in development. The vault tutorial demonstrates credential gating for private vaults. The two sources describe status differently, so confirm which amendments are enabled on the network you are assessing before presenting either as live.
- Adoption. The protocol documentation and release notes do not name any bank, stablecoin issuer or tokenized fund using these features. They also publish no adoption, volume or asset-value figures, so none are given here.
- Bank-specific layer. The documentation presents these as general-purpose issuer and protocol features, not a banking profile. A bank would configure the same settings as any other issuer.
How to assess a bank, stablecoin or fund design on XRPL
When comparing two issuers or funds, use the axes below rather than asking which configuration is safer in general. Each choice trades one risk for another.
Quick Recap
| Axis | Question to ask | Where to check |
|---|---|---|
| Admission | Are holders open, or limited to issuer-authorized trust lines? For a vault, is deposit public or credential-gated? | The issuer’s Require Auth setting; the vault’s public or private configuration |
| Intervention | Does the issuer keep freeze and clawback powers, and were they set before issuance? | The issuer’s ledger settings and published policy |
| Credential governance | Who issues the credentials, what do they attest, do they expire, and who controls the accepted list? | The credential issuer’s disclosures; the domain’s accepted-credential list |
| Fund lifecycle | Is the vault open-ended or closed-ended? Which asset does it hold? How is income recognized? | The vault configuration; the operator’s accounting policy |
| Credit risk | Who underwrites borrowers and monitors loans, given that the protocol does not? | The operator’s off-chain underwriting and risk disclosures |
| Network status | Is the relevant amendment enabled on the network being assessed? | XRPL amendment status and the release notes |
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