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A molybdenum-based molecular cage reported in 2020 contains 1,000 non-hydrogen atoms: 240 molybdenum, 740 oxygen and 20 sulfur. The authors described it as the highest-nuclearity hollow-opening dodecahedral cage known to them at the time—not as the largest molecule of every kind.
What the 1,000-atom molecule is
The cage, called Mo240·g or compound 1·g in the paper, is an inorganic polymolybdate cluster. Its stated 1,000-atom count covers the cage skeleton’s non-hydrogen atoms: 240 Mo, 740 O and 20 S. It does not include solvent or counterions associated with the crystallized material. The structure was reported by Lin and coauthors in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2020 (primary paper).
How the cage is built
The cluster forms a nearly regular pentagonal dodecahedron. Its framework combines 20 tripod-shaped {Mo6} units and 30 cubane-type {Mo4} units. Together they define a hollow interior and 12 open pentagonal windows.
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- Free cavity diameter: approximately 1.84 nm.
- Window diameter: approximately 5.5 Å.
These dimensions describe the reported structure; they do not by themselves establish which molecules can enter or leave the cavity under particular conditions.
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How strong is the “largest” claim?
The authors wrote, “To the best of our knowledge, cage 1 is the highest nuclearity and symmetry hollow opening dodecahedra synthesized thus far.” That is a qualified, category-specific claim about hollow-opening dodecahedral cages known when the work appeared in 2020. It is not a current, comprehensive ranking across all molecular cage designs, and comparisons can change depending on whether atom counts include hydrogen, solvent or counterions.
How it was made and identified
The researchers obtained dark red crystals using a hydrothermal reaction involving ammonium heptamolybdate, cobalt sulfate, hydrazine dihydrochloride, water and a trace of dilute sulfuric acid. They reported that other sulfates could replace cobalt sulfate in synthesis trials. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, alongside additional analytical methods, was used to determine the structure and composition. This establishes a laboratory synthesis and characterization, not an independently replicated or generally easy-to-make procedure.
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What its proton-conductivity measurements show
The team measured proton conductivity in crystalline powder samples under high humidity. The reported bulk values were:
| Temperature | Relative humidity | Reported bulk conductivity |
|---|---|---|
| 25 °C | 98% | 3.33 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ |
| 80 °C | 98% | 1.03 × 10⁻¹ S cm⁻¹ |
The authors characterized these results as among the highest reported for polyoxometalate crystalline proton conductors under analogous conditions. They are laboratory measurements on powder, not evidence of a working commercial electrolyte or device. The paper discusses possible relevance to proton transport and cage design, while leaving further study of solution properties and applications for future work (Lin et al., 2020 paper).
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What to take from the result
This is a remarkable, precisely characterized molecular architecture: a 1,000-non-hydrogen-atom dodecahedral cage with a nanometre-scale cavity, 12 openings and measured proton conductivity under specified hot, humid conditions. Its “largest” status should be read narrowly—as the authors’ qualified 2020 claim for hollow-opening dodecahedral cages—rather than as an unbounded record covering every molecular cage.
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