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The Kalvari class is the Indian Navy’s six-boat series of conventionally propelled submarines built under Project 75. Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) constructed all six in Mumbai with technology transfer and technical support from France’s Naval Group. The boats are based on Naval Group’s Scorpène design, so “Kalvari” identifies India’s Project 75 submarines while “Scorpène” identifies their design lineage.
The class is intended for anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare, intelligence collection, mine laying and area surveillance. Government descriptions also identify torpedoes, tube-launched anti-ship missiles, a sensor-and-weapons combat-management system and a pressure-resistant steel hull. Naval Group’s published Scorpène figures describe a 2,000-tonne conventional submarine with six weapon-launching tubes and capacity for 18 weapons; those are manufacturer-reported design specifications, not an independent boat-by-boat audit of India’s fleet.
What is the Kalvari class?
An Indian Navy class, not a separate French design
Kalvari class is the Indian name for the six submarines ordered through Project 75, India’s conventional-submarine construction program. The Indian Navy selected the Scorpène design in 2005 as part of a broader effort to modernize its undersea force. The first boat, INS Kalvari, entered service in December 2017.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsIn practical terms, a Kalvari-class submarine is an Indian-built Scorpène adapted, equipped and accepted for Indian Navy service. Calling it simply a “Scorpène submarine” is broadly correct when referring to the design family, but it can obscure the program distinction: Scorpène is the platform design supplied by Naval Group, whereas Kalvari class is the Indian Project 75 fleet designation.
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What does Project 75 mean?
Project 75 is the program framework under which six conventional submarines were produced at MDL. It covers the Indian construction effort, industrial participation, training and delivery of the boats rather than naming a seventh or different class. The program’s first commissioning was in 2017 and its sixth commissioning completed the original six-boat series in January 2025.
How the submarines were built in India
Every Project 75 boat was constructed at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited in Mumbai. Naval Group’s technology-transfer account says its support went beyond supplying a design: Indian personnel received construction and manufacturing training, while Naval Group provided technical assistance and monitored manufacture and trials of the first two submarines. It also supplied technical documentation covering equipment procurement, construction and maintenance.
This arrangement allowed MDL to assemble the fleet domestically while using the original designer’s processes and know-how. It is therefore more accurate to describe the class as built in India under a Scorpène technology-transfer program than as either wholly imported or an entirely indigenous design.
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A 2016 Press Information Bureau description of the construction effort reported approximately 60 kilometres of cabling and 11 kilometres of piping. Those figures illustrate the scale and complexity of the build; they are not measures of speed, stealth, range or combat power.
Which boats are in the class?
All six Project 75 submarines had been commissioned by January 2025. Government program material uses the spelling Vagsheer, while Naval Group’s January 2025 release uses Vaghsheer. This article follows the latter spelling for the sixth boat and notes the government variant where relevant.
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| Submarine | Commissioning date | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| INS Kalvari | December 2017 | First Project 75 boat to enter Indian Navy service. |
| INS Khanderi | September 2019 | Second boat in the series. |
| INS Karanj | March 2021 | Third boat in the series. |
| INS Vela | November 2021 | Fourth boat; Naval Group describes it as entirely made in India and based on the Scorpène design. |
| INS Vagir | January 2023 | Fifth boat in the series. |
| INS Vaghsheer (also written Vagsheer) | 15 January 2025 | Sixth and final Project 75 boat to be commissioned. |
Commissioning means the Navy accepted each vessel into service. It does not, by itself, establish a particular readiness level, patrol schedule, weapon fit or availability rate.
What the Scorpène design contributes
Conventional propulsion
The class uses conventional, non-nuclear propulsion. Public material does not establish a Kalvari-specific maximum speed, operating range, submerged endurance or maximum diving depth, so frequently repeated figures for those characteristics should not be treated as confirmed specifications for the Indian boats.
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Naval Group’s 15 January 2025 description calls the Scorpène a 2,000-tonne conventional-propulsion submarine. Because that number describes the manufacturer’s design, it should be read as a design reference rather than an independently measured displacement for every Indian boat in every loading condition.
Hull, modular construction and tropical design
The Government of India’s 2016 account says the submarine uses special steel intended to withstand high hydrostatic forces and is assembled through modular construction. The same account describes the Scorpène as designed for tropical operating theatres and for interoperability with naval task-force elements. These statements explain the design goals; they do not disclose classified acoustic signatures or guarantee performance in a particular patrol.
Combat-management and sensor integration
Government material describes a combat-management system that integrates the submarine’s sensors and weapons. Such a system gives the crew a common tactical picture and provides the interface for detecting, classifying and engaging contacts. Public sources do not provide a complete sensor list or the detailed software, processing and electronic-support capabilities of individual Kalvari boats.
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Weapon-launching tubes and payload
The government description identifies weapons-launching tubes, precision-guided weapons and torpedoes, plus tube-launched anti-ship missiles that can be fired underwater or from the surface. It also says special handling and loading equipment allows weapons to be reloaded at sea.
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What does the Kalvari class do?
Anti-surface warfare
The submarines can be assigned to detect and attack surface ships. Government material specifically mentions tube-launched anti-ship missiles and torpedoes, while Naval Group lists surface-vessel warfare among the Scorpène’s missions. Neither source publishes a current patrol doctrine or a boat-specific weapon allocation.
Anti-submarine warfare
Finding and tracking other submarines is another stated role. The combat-management system is intended to combine sensor information with available weapons so the crew can evaluate contacts and, when authorized, engage them. Public sources do not disclose the class’s classified acoustic performance.
Intelligence gathering and surveillance
The government lists intelligence gathering and area surveillance as missions. These tasks can include maintaining an underwater picture of shipping and naval activity, monitoring approaches and supporting wider fleet operations. The descriptions establish mission categories, not the details of sensors, collection methods or patrol locations.
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Mine laying
Mine laying is also included in the government’s list of missions. A submarine used in this role can place mines covertly in designated waters, but public sources do not identify the mine types, quantities or deployment plans associated with individual Kalvari boats.
Long-range strikes and special operations
Naval Group’s Scorpène design description adds long-range strikes and special operations to its mission list. These are design-level roles reported by the manufacturer. They should not be expanded into claims about a specific Indian boat’s strike radius, special-forces equipment or operational tasking without an official Indian Navy disclosure.
Air-independent propulsion: what is established?
Government program material identifies a DRDO-NMRL indigenous air-independent propulsion (AIP) system for integration on Project 75 submarines. AIP can allow a conventional submarine to remain submerged longer without using its main diesel engines, but the cited wording does not establish that the system is installed, tested or operational aboard the six commissioned boats.
Accordingly, the Kalvari class should be described publicly as a conventional-propulsion fleet, with an indigenous AIP integration plan identified by the government. It is not accurate to present AIP as a confirmed standard capability of every boat in service.
What is known—and not known—about performance?
The available official descriptions support a clear account of missions, construction and broad design features, but they do not provide independently verified Kalvari-specific figures for:
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- Maximum speed on the surface or underwater.
- Range, patrol radius or submerged endurance.
- Maximum operating depth.
- Current torpedo and missile loadouts for each boat.
- Detailed sonar, electronic-support or acoustic-signature performance.
- Operational readiness, deployment tempo or availability rates.
Naval Group’s 2,000-tonne displacement, six tubes and 18-weapon capacity are useful reference points for the Scorpène design. They are not substitutes for Indian Navy test data, and they should remain attributed to the manufacturer whenever quoted.
Why domestic construction matters
Project 75 combines an established foreign design with Indian shipyard production and workforce development. Building the series at MDL created experience in submarine fabrication, systems installation, testing and maintenance while retaining Naval Group assistance for the early boats. The documented transfer included training, technical monitoring and maintenance documentation, all of which are important after a submarine enters service because upkeep and upgrades continue for decades.
The program also fits India’s stated industrial objective of increasing domestic defence production. Naval Group chairman and chief executive Pierre Éric Pommellet said in the company’s 15 January 2025 commissioning release that the P75 program was a cornerstone of the Indo-French strategic partnership and a key achievement in India’s “Atmanirbhar Bharat” policy. That is a company executive’s assessment of the partnership, not an independent readiness evaluation.
Common misconceptions about the Kalvari class
“Kalvari” and “Scorpène” are interchangeable names
They are related but not identical terms. Kalvari class names India’s six Project 75 boats; Scorpène names the Naval Group design on which they are based.
The class is nuclear-powered
It is not. Official descriptions identify conventional propulsion. The separate AIP integration plan does not make the submarines nuclear-powered.
All published Scorpène numbers are measured Indian-boat specifications
No. The 2,000-tonne figure and six-tube, 18-weapon capacity come from Naval Group’s design description. They should be attributed and kept separate from independently verified Indian Navy data.
Completion of the six boats proves full operational readiness
Commissioning the sixth submarine demonstrates that the original Project 75 construction series entered service by January 2025. It does not reveal how many boats were available on a particular day, what missions they were assigned or which weapons were embarked.
Bottom line
The Kalvari class is India’s six-submarine Project 75 fleet: Scorpène-based boats built domestically at MDL with Naval Group technology transfer. They provide conventional undersea capabilities for ship and submarine warfare, intelligence, surveillance and mine laying. Publicly documented features include a combat-management system, weapons tubes, torpedoes and missiles, modular construction and a pressure-resistant steel hull. All six had been commissioned by January 2025, while claims about exact speed, range, depth, endurance, loadout and AIP operation remain outside the confirmed public record.
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