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Clickjacking is a user-interface redress attack: a webpage tricks someone into clicking a real control on another website while making that control appear to be part of a harmless page. The click is genuine; what the person believes they are clicking is not. If they are signed in to the target site, the unintended action may be processed in their authenticated session.
How clickjacking works
In a common form of the attack, a deceptive page displays a prompt, game, or other decoy and embeds a target website in a frame beneath it. The attacker aligns a real button or control on the target page with the visible decoy. When a visitor clicks the apparent decoy, the browser sends the input to the framed page instead.
If the visitor has an active session on the target website, the request may include credentials held by the browser, allowing the target site to treat the action as coming from that signed-in user. The precise outcome depends on the target page and the action involved. Clickjacking is also known as UI redress because the interface disguises what the user is actually interacting with. OWASP explains the attack.
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How to stop other sites from framing your pages
For a website owner, the main defense against frame-based clickjacking is to control which sites can embed a page. Set the frame-ancestors directive in the HTTP Content-Security-Policy response header.
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Content-Security-Policy: frame-ancestors 'none';blocks framing by all origins.Content-Security-Policy: frame-ancestors 'self';permits framing only by the same origin.- If another site has a genuine business need to embed a page, specify only the required origins rather than allowing framing broadly.
Choose the narrowest policy that still supports the product’s intended functionality. The directive must be sent as an HTTP response header; putting frame-ancestors in a <meta> element does not enforce it. Apply the policy to relevant HTML responses, especially pages with sensitive controls. See the OWASP Clickjacking Defense Cheat Sheet.
Where X-Frame-Options fits
X-Frame-Options: DENY or X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN can provide a compatibility layer for browsers and environments that need it. However, X-Frame-Options offers less flexible origin controls than frame-ancestors. Do not rely on ALLOW-FROM as a modern allow-list: it is obsolete and does not work in modern browsers. When a browser supports frame-ancestors, it uses that directive in preference to X-Frame-Options if both are present. MDN documents the directive and its interaction with X-Frame-Options.
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What SameSite cookies can—and cannot—do
Set session cookies to SameSite=Lax or SameSite=Strict when the application’s authentication flows support those settings. SameSite can prevent cookies from accompanying cross-site iframe requests, which may keep an embedded request from being treated as an authenticated user’s action. It does not stop a page from being framed, and it is not a complete defense against clickjacking. OWASP describes it as a partial mitigation in its clickjacking guidance.
Why headers are not the whole answer
Framing restrictions address attacks that rely on embedding a page, but not every UI-redress variant works that way. OWASP notes that DoubleClickjacking uses separate windows, so frame restrictions alone do not cover it. For sensitive actions, consider safeguards attached to the action itself—such as an unmistakable confirmation or re-authentication where appropriate. These are application-design measures, not guarantees provided by security headers. JavaScript frame-busting may be another layer for some frame-based cases, but should not replace response-header policy. OWASP discusses these defense layers and the DoubleClickjacking limitation.
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How to verify your deployment
- Inspect the actual HTTP responses for pages containing sensitive controls and confirm that
Content-Security-Policyincludes the intendedframe-ancestorspolicy. - Check that any intended
X-Frame-Optionscompatibility header is present and consistent with the deployment. - Verify responses across relevant pages and routes, not just the homepage.
- Check that reverse proxies and other intermediary infrastructure preserve the framing protections instead of stripping the headers.
The OWASP Web Security Testing Guide includes clickjacking testing guidance and flags the risk of a proxy removing a framing header.
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