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If no candidate wins more than half of the valid votes in Brazil’s first-round presidential election, the two candidates with the most votes advance to a runoff. The runoff is a fresh election: first-round votes do not carry over, and the winner is decided by valid votes cast in the second round.
What counts as a majority?
The threshold is an absolute majority of valid votes—not more than half of every ballot cast. Blank and null votes are excluded from the valid-vote total. A candidate who clears that threshold in the first round is elected without a runoff. The Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) explains the rule in its majority-system glossary and presidential-election explainer.
What happens if nobody reaches the threshold?
Only the two first-round leaders proceed to the second round. The other candidates are eliminated from the contest. The runoff determines the winner based on its own valid-vote count; first-round totals are not added to the second-round result. Brazil’s election law sets this two-round procedure.
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Under the election law, the second round takes place on the last Sunday in October. For the 2026 presidential election, the scheduled first-round date was October 4 and the scheduled runoff date, if needed, was October 25, as reported by the Associated Press on October 3, 2026. Those are scheduled dates; they do not by themselves establish whether a runoff ultimately took place.
#1 Best Overall
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Which Brazilian elections use this rule?
The two-round, absolute-majority rule does not apply to every Brazilian office. The TSE describes its scope as follows:
| Office or election | How the winner is determined |
|---|---|
| President | Absolute majority of valid votes; a runoff between the top two follows if no one reaches it. |
| Governor | Absolute majority of valid votes; a runoff between the top two follows if no one reaches it. |
| Mayor in a municipality with more than 200,000 registered voters | Absolute majority of valid votes; a runoff between the top two follows if no one reaches it. |
| Senator | Relative majority; no runoff. |
| Mayor in a municipality with fewer than 200,000 registered voters | Relative majority; no runoff. |
This distinction is set out in the TSE’s election-system glossary. The 200,000 figure is the registered-voter threshold specified for mayoral elections.
Quick Recap
Best Value
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Rank #3
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Rank #2
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